6 MBA Interview Mistakes to Avoid

Everyone wants to avoid making mistakes so that they can put their best foot forward during an MBA interview. In this article, were going to explore some of the most common MBA interview mistakes and analyze how they can hurt your chances of getting accepted into an MBA program.   Being Rude Being rude is one of the biggest MBA interview mistakes an applicant can make. Manners count in professional and academic settings. You should be kind, respectful, and polite to everyone you encounter - from the receptionist to the person who interviews you. Say please and thank you. Make eye contact and listen attentively to show that you are engaged in the conversation. Treat every person you speak with - whether it is a current student, alumni, or the director of admissions - as if he or she is the one making the final decision on your MBA application. Finally, dont forget to turn off your phone before the interview. Not doing so is incredibly rude. Dominating the Interview Admissions committees invite you for an MBA interview because they want to know more about you. Thats why it is important to avoid dominating the interview. If you spend the entire time asking questions or giving lengthy answers to every question youre asked, your interviewers wont have time to get through their list of questions. Since most of what you asked will be open-ended (i.e. you wont get a lot of yes/no questions), youll have to temper your responses so that you dont ramble. Answer each question fully, but do so with a response that is measured and as concise as possible. Not Preparing Answers Preparing for an MBA interview is a lot like preparing for a job interview. You pick out a professional outfit, practice your handshake, and above all, think about the type of questions the interviewer might ask you. If you make the mistake of not preparing your answers to common MBA  interview questions, youll end up regretting it at some point during the interview. Start by thinking of your answers to the three most obvious questions first: Why do you want an MBA?Why did you choose this business school?What do you want to do with your MBA after graduation? Then, perform a bit of self-reflection to consider your answers to the following questions: What are your strengths and weaknesses?What is your biggest regret?What are you passionate about?What can you contribute to an MBA program? Finally, think about the things that you might be asked to explain: Why does your resume show gaps in your work experience?Why did you perform poorly in undergraduate classes?Why did you decide not to retake the GMAT?Why didnt you provide a recommendation from a direct supervisor? Not Preparing Questions Although most of the questions will come from the interviewer, you will probably be invited to ask a few questions of your own. Not planning out intelligent questions to ask is a big MBA interview mistake. You should take time before the interview, preferably several days before the interview, to craft at least three questions (five to seven questions would be even better). Think about what you really want to know about the school, and make sure the questions are not already answered on the schools website. When you get to the interview, dont spring your questions on the interviewer. Instead, wait until you are invited to ask questions. Being Negative Negativity of any kind wont help your cause. You should avoid badmouthing your boss, your co-workers, your job, your undergraduate professors, other business schools that rejected you, or anyone else. Criticizing others, even lightly, wont make you look better. In fact, the opposite is likely to occur. You could come across as a whiny complainer that cant handle conflict in professional or academic settings. That is not an image you want to project onto your personal brand. Buckling Under Pressure Your MBA interview might not go the way you want it to. You might have a tough interviewer, you might be having a bad day, you might misrepresent yourself in an unflattering way, or you might do a really poor job of answering a question or two. No matter what happens, it is important that you keep it together throughout the interview. If you make a mistake, move on. Don’t cry, curse, walk out, or make any type of scene. Doing so demonstrates a lack of maturity and shows that you have the potential to buckle under pressure. An MBA program is a high-pressure environment. The admissions committee needs to know that you can have a bad moment or a bad day without completely falling apart.

Merchant of Venice The Effects of Cross-Dressing Essay

Shakespeare challenges the assumption that men hold more power than women do. He subtly hints that the power men posses is superficial when Jessica dresses like a boy, and later when Nerissa and Portia disguise themselves as men in The Merchant of Venice. Masculinity is merely a costume that can be donned or doffed at will; therefore its associated power can be removed and redistributed as well. Shakespeare emphasizes gender barriers, yet also challenges them to show their inconsistencies. In court, the Duke articulates the common assumption that men represent the educated and professional members of society. As he anticipates the arrival of the young learned doctor (IV i143), he asks, Where is he? (IVi 144). The Duke has not yet†¦show more content†¦However, after Portia reveals the truth about the trial, he blends the two virtues and does not distinguish between gender when he begins his final words with Sweet Doctor (V i284). Shakespeare has effectively addressed the variations in gender roles and proved them inaccurate. Not only can women pretend to be men, therefore exhibit the commonly associated prestige; they can also exceed men’s capabilities. In the contraband letter, Bellario describes Balthasar (Portia in disguise) as a young man, but urges everyone in the court to let his lack of years be no impediment (IV i161) even though wisdom and keen sense are often associated with established adults. At first, Portia seems to support Shylock when she contemplates the case, so he remarks, How much more elder art though than thy looks! (IV i250). Portia’s looks are deceptive, but she is actually hiding her sex, not her age. Shylock is unknowingly amazed by a female’s intellect and continues to praise Portia repeatedly when he refers to her as a noble, wise and upright, most rightful, and most learned judge (IV i245-303). After Portia shifts her argument to favor Antonio, Gratiano praises her in similar ways. Her intelligence astounds the court. In the final scene, Antonio, Bassanio , and Gratiano are all amazed (V i266) when Portia reveals the secret identities she and Nerissa took on. She proves that women can demonstrate more keen intellect thanShow MoreRelatedGender Roles And Roles Of William Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice 1837 Words   |  8 Pages Gender plays an important role in Shakespeare’s comedies. Cross gender roles and cross dressing are essential not only for the inherent humour of the situation but also for the advancment of the plot. English Renaissance stereotypes of women and men and their various roles and responsibilities in society are reflected in Shakespeare. What sets Shakespeare apart is the fact that he also challenges, and at times even breaks down those stereotypes especially in his comedies. Hamlet may proclaim â€Å"FrailtyRead More Twelfth Night Essay: The Necessity of Cross-dressing800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Necessity of Cross-dressing Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The action of Twelfth Night begins shortly after a damaging tempest shipwrecks the heroine, casting her upon foreign shores. Upon arrival in this strange seaport, Viola--like the Princess Leonide--dons male disguise which facilitates both employment and time enough to orient herself in this unfamiliar territory.    Violas transvestism functions as emblematic of the antic nature of Illyrian society. As contemporary feminist and ShakespeareanRead More The Roaring Girl Essay3978 Words   |  16 PagesThe Roaring Girl Though its primary function is usually plot driven--as a source of humor and a means to effect changes in characters through disguise and deception—cross dressing is also a sociological motif involving gendered play. My earlier essay on the use of the motif in Shakespeares plays pointed out that cross dressing has been discussed as a symptom of a radical discontinuity in the meaning of the family (Belsey 178), as cul-tural anxiety over the destabilization of the socialRead MoreHi Im Cool2335 Words   |  10 PagesFabian Mora Ms. Welch English Honors 1 March 20 2012 The Merchant of Venice Act III, i 1.) Salerio and Solanio are designed to reflect Venetian society at large because they show what is happening to inform the audience. They are also very nosey and hate Jews like the entire Venetians do. 2.) It is such a crisis for Shylock that his daughter converted and married a Christian because when Jessica left she stole a lot of his precious jewels and money. 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These plays all have in common that they include female protagonists who, each with their own reason, must disguise themselves as young men. Casey Charles notes, in his Gender Trouble in Twelfth Night, that â€Å"critics have struggled recentlyRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesprofessors trying to make their courses interesting for students. In addition to the range of items normally considered as products and services, what is being marketed might include (a) ideas such as reducing air pollution or contributing to the red cross (b) people, such as new football coach or a political candidate and (c) places, such as industrial plant sites or a place to for a vocation. In a broad sense markets include more than the direct consumers of products services and ideas. Thus a state

Buddhism (The Buddha) Free Essays

The Buddha sought to show us how to overcome suffering by attaining Nibbana. Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world today. Its history that now span some two and a half centuries began from the birth of its founder, Prince Siddhartha Gautama. We will write a custom essay sample on Buddhism (The Buddha) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most scholars agree that Siddharta who became known as Buddha was an actual historical persona. He began the religion and philosophy of Buddhism when he reached Enlightenment in 535 BCE while meditating under a Bodhi tree following his abandonment of the life of luxury (The Buddha). Beliefs and Ethics Central to Buddhism is the understanding of the nature of humans and the causes of human suffering or dukkha. The Buddhists hold the viewpoint that human suffering lays in ignorance, concluding that it is a condition brought about by conflict and stress inherent in human existence and the interaction with the world (Buddhist Ethics 2005). There are various schools of Buddhism such that it has no one bible or sacred texts but instead, a vast collection of authoritative texts from different traditions. Theravada Buddhism has the Tipitaka or Pali canon; Mahayana Buddhism has the Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka, and the Tibetan branch has the Kangyur and Tengyur, among others (Strong, 2008). In sum, the following constitute part of the basic beliefs in Buddhism: A. The Four Noble Truths 1. Life is suffering or dukkha; 2. The origin of suffering is attachment or craving; 3. Attachments can be overcome, and this cessation of suffering is called nirvana; 4. The way to accomplish the cessation of suffering is the Eightfold Path (Boerre). B. The Eightfold Path – consists of eight elements that can be grouped into the three categories, as follows: †¢ Wisdom or prajna – right view and right aspiration or intention †¢ Morals – rights speech; right action and right livelihood †¢ Meditation or samadhi – right effort; right mindfulness, and right concentration (Strong, 2008). C. Karma – all of human actions bear consequences within a cycle of human craving and suffering, such that our lives are always conditioned by our past actions (Buddhist Teachings). D. Buddhist ethics or precepts termed as sila – made up of the four conditions of chastity, calmness, quiet and extinguishment. According to the Karmic Law, keeping sila is meritorious and serves as good cause to bring about happy or peaceful effects (Buddhism 2008). E. Rebirth – consciousness continues beyond death, finding expression in another life or reincarnation in the future (Buddhist Teachings). F. Enlightenment – through the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, one is liberated from karma towards Enlightenment, the state of being that transcends suffering (Buddhist Teachings). Customs and Festivals Because there are many schools of Buddhism that have emerged throughout the centuries, the rituals and practices of Buddhists vary according to tradition in different parts of the globe. Significant Buddhist customs include the following: A. Veneration of the Buddha – refers to the honoring of, and meditation, on the qualities of the Buddha. B. Pilgrimage – the main purposes of the pilgrimage to the many Buddhist centers is the fostering of spiritual discipline or the fulfillment of a vow. C. Ordination – the rite of passage of anyone wishing to be a Buddhist monk involves the renouncing of secular life and accepting life in the monastic sangha as a novice (Venerating). Buddhist festivals are important holy days celebrated in various traditions, which include: †¢ Dharma Day, which marks the beginning of the teachings of Buddha; †¢ Losar, the most important Tibetan holiday that marks the New Year (lunar); †¢ Parinirvana, a Mahayan Buddhist holiday marking Buddha’s death; †¢ Wesak festival, the most important festival in the Buddhist calendar, celebrates the birthday of Buddha on the full moon of the month of May. Sangha Day that celebrates the spiritual community (Holy days). The divisions of Buddhism have sometimes been called sects or schools, but in this book I have used the word lineage, as it seems to fit better with Buddhist experience. A Buddhist is one who has taken refuge, and he or she has taken refuge in a specific tradition whose teachers stretch back, or are claimed to stretch back, in an unbroken line or lineage to Shakyamuni Buddha. There is one over-arching principle in the effective spread of Buddhism: skillful means. As Buddhism asks the individual, so it asks a culture: What is it, do you think, that will bring you the most happiness? When it has heard the response, Buddhism says, under its breath, But that will only bring you samsaric happiness, and continues, out loud, That is good, the Dharma can help you. Then, starting from that samsaric desire, it seeks a way of assisting the individual or culture to break out into extra-samsaric joy. Most countries into which Buddhism spread were what we might call low cultures, that is, they had rich local traditions but little sense of nationhood or broad cultural identity, and did not have a national religion or philosophy. Buddhism was able to supply this lack. It provided a Great Tradition perspective, encouraging local customs to coalesce into national polities and incorporating them in a supra-national worldview. The price was the downgrading of the local customs. Indigenous deities were said either to have converted to Buddhism, becoming Dharma Protectors (dharma-pala), or foolishly to have rejected it, thus being demoted to demons. The only country in which this did not happen smoothly was China. It had already developed, in Confucianism and Taoism, sophisticated national systems, and so was not the â€Å"pushover† that, for example, Tibet was. Buddhism had to be more humble as it approached the Chinese, and it has often smelled, to good upstanding Confucians, of foreigners and their nefarious plots. Even so, the cultural blending was such that Buddhism came to be counted as the third religion of China, and the eirenic phrase ‘The three religions are a harmonious unity’ was coined. No other foreign system, other than Communism, has been able to penetrate Chinese culture so completely. Buddhism says that it can be said that since the human problem is essentially one of ignorance, and since this is a phenomenon that exists in varying degrees of intensity, it is always worth examining any claims to truth. This is especially the case when the Absolute Truth attested by Buddhism is beyond perfect verbalization, for another religious or philosophical tradition, despite apparent conflict of ideas, may actually be trying with different terms to express the same ultimate perception which is enshrined in Buddhism itself. Rival truth claims are, then, not necessarily hostile and the Buddhist should feel it possible to engage in interested discussion with advocates of other ideologies. Further, it is always possible that other religions may be able to suggest useful techniques for the attainment or apprehension of Absolute Truth. Yet the Buddhist knows that the propositions which attempt to approximate Truth must be submitted to the light of the ultimate Buddhist experience, and if they cannot be seen to lead toward this, they are in genuine and decisive conflict with Buddhism. Each religion, then, is open to dialogue, but each presents a touchstone by which authority is to be tested – the experience which suggests the U+016nyatA concept for Buddhism, and for Christianity the experience of God as he expresses himself in Christ. Interestingly enough, this emphasis on a decisive experience or intuition of Truth means that ardent adherents of both recognize the significance of Kierkegaard’s dictum about subjectivity being truth and know that there are important respects in which a man committed to another religious experience may yet understand mine far better than a purely objective observer can ever hope to do. To study and record the observable data of a religious tradition is utterly useless for the purpose of understanding what the religious man considers important about it. Thus the dialogue between Christians and Buddhists may well be more productive of sympathetic understanding (even with strongly affirmed disagreement) than that between either Christians or Buddhists with disinterested social scientists. Resources Strong, John. Experience of Buddhism. Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from Shippensburg University Site: http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/buddhawise. html. Buddhism. (2008, April 7). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:38, April 10, 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title= Buddhismoldid=169957239. Buddhist Ethics and Social Criticism. (Updated 21 June 2005). Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from Image India Site: http://india_resource. tripod. com/buddhism. htm. Buddhist Teachings. Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from bbc. co. uk Site: http://www. bbc. co. uk/religion/religions/buddhism/beliefs/buddhateachings. shtml. Holy Days. Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from bbc. co. uk Site: http://www. bbc. co. uk/religion/religions/buddhism/holydays/. ‘Religious text. ’ (2008, October 23). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:44, April 9, 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title= Religious_textoldid=166613250. The Buddha. Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from bbc. co. uk Site: http://www. bbc. co. uk/ religion/religions/buddhism/history/history. shtml. Venerating the Buddha, Pilgrimage and Ordination. Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from bbc. co. uk Site: http://www. bbc. co. uk/religion/religions/buddhism/ customs/customs. shtml. How to cite Buddhism (The Buddha), Papers

Romeo And Juliet Fate Or Free Will Essay Example For Students

Romeo And Juliet: Fate Or Free Will Essay The human condition follows the path of fate. Everyone makes choices out of their own free will which affects their life at that time, but will ultimately lead to their pre- determined fate. People inflict their own wounds during their life by the choices that they make. This applies in Romeo and Juliet and plays a major role in Romeo and Juliets lives. A pair of star-crossed lovers (I, i, 6) In the very opening of the play the chorus is singing about Romeo and Juliet, and predicts their life together as having a star-crossed conclusion. By already knowing from the beginning that their life has an ill-fated conclusion, we can see how their choices brought them to their death. Romeo and Juliet could see that their life together was not going the way they wanted, because Romeo and Juliet wanted to marry each other but there were many barriers between them. Both Romeo and Juliet had many failed attempts in their efforts to trick fate out of what was ultimately going to happen to them both. Hold! Get you gone, be strong and prosperous in this resolve. Ill send a friar with speed to Mantua, with my letters to thy lord. (IV, i, 122-124) Juliet is to drink a potion to make her appear dead, and later wake to be free of the shame of marrying Paris. Here, Friar Lawrence is assuring Juliet that he will send a letter to Romeo, explaining their plan. Romeo doesnt receive that letter, and he does not know what is to happen. Free will comes with great consequences. Friar Lawrence and Juliet inflicted their own wounds by not telling Romeo of their plan. If they had taken the time to make sure that Romeo got the information, their plan might have succeeded, and Romeo and Juliet would be free to marry each other. A greater power than we can contradict hath thwarted our intents. (V, iii, 154-155) After Romeo kills Paris, and then himself, Juliet wakes as Friar Lawrence rushes over to her. Friar Lawrence is saying that a higher power, in this case, fate, has ruined their plan. We know that Friar Lawrence is talking about fate when he says that they cannot contradict this power. You cannot contradict fate, it always has its way in the end, whether we know it or not. O, I am fortunes fool! (III, i, 135). Romeo has just killed Mercutio, after Mercutio killed Tybalt. The prince is coming, and is looking for the murderer of Mercutio. Romeo is saying how his actions have always been those that fate wanted to be done, and now has just fulfilled fates last desire by killing Mercutio. If the price finds Romeo, he will kill him, and Romeo knows that his death would destroy Juliets life. After Romeo kills Paris, and sees that Juliet is dead, he takes his own life. When Juliet wakes from her planned sleep and finds Romeo dead beside her, she kills herself. It seems that Romeo and Juliets lives were controlled by fate up to the very end. Both of them made what turned out to be bad decisions and ultimately destroyed both of their lives. In the end, fate had its way.

An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly A ficional response to compleation Essays

An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly A ficional response to compleation Essays An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly A ficional response to compleation Paper An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly A ficional response to compleation Paper Essay Topic: Literature I have just finished writing a play called An Inspector Calls. It is about an affluent, middle class family living in Brumley a city in the North of England. The head of the family is Mr. Birling who owns a factory. He is not very charitable and believes that a person should look after themselves only. He is going to find out during the course of the play that that might not be the best a attitude to take. Birlings daughter Shelia is getting married to sir Gerald Croft whose father Lord Croft owns a rival factory to Birling. The marriage is like a business alliance. The birling family are trying to social climb and beter themselves and are hopeful that the marriage will help this process along I set the play in 1912 so I could duse dramatic irony in the play. It was before any of the world wars which helped partially break down class barriers. The birlings are still living in a very class conscious age and before a socialist government. Birling in particular uses dramatic irony in some of the things he says the titanic bsolutely unsinkable the audience would realise straight away that that statement was completely wrong. Iw anted to do this because if birling was wrong about things he says his beliefs might also be questionable. The main theme of my play concerns a young girl who has had dealings with all of the birling family and goes on to commit suicide. The girl Eva Smith represents the working class ordinary people who do not have lots of money. The birlings represent the middles classes who have lots of money and servants, they are seen as a respectable family. Eva Smith is poor and struggling and therefore has low status. My point is to show that their dealings were the cause of her s suicide. As a result of a police investigation in to the suicide an inspector visits the house where the family are celebrating Shelias engement to Gerald. The family are in for a nasty shock when the truth about what they have done comes out. To illustrate my point Im going to describe to you in detail the scene is in Act three. It is after the inspector has made his final key speech. He warns of how we dont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. I wanted to spell it out to members of my predominaly middle class audience that this is what I was trying to say during the play. The inspector threatens a revolution if men will not learn that lesson, then they will taught it in fire and blood and anguish. I know this is a very serious and highly controversial thing to say and must feel like Im lecturing them. It makes the point that not taking responsibility for your actions, not thinking of others can have severe consequences even death. The inspector leave straight after this speech which I think delivers a big impact. He leaves the Birlings alone to deal with what they have done. There are lots of stage directions after the speech because I felt this was a very important part in the play and I wanted to heighten the dramatic tension the family are all staring subdued and wondering. I detail exactly what each person should be doing, Shelia is crying, Mrs Birling has collapsed into a chair, Eric is brooding desperately and Mr birling is not quite sure what to do so gets himself a drink. He is the first one to break the silence but not to say anything positive (angrily to Eric) youre the one I blame for this. Eric is not bothered by this comment I ll bet I am implying he frequently gets the blame for things that go wrong in the Birling house hold. Erics response shows his mood is different from the beginning of the play. Then he was very relaxed and suddenly guffaws during dinner . Eric was not in a serous mood and behaving in a silly way. He seems to have become serious by act three because of the events that have been uncovered. The family are now left alone in the house with Gerald and the Inspector gone. This scene highlights clearly the differences between Mr Birling and his son Eric. They have a strained relationship. Erics attitude is Oh for Gods sake! What does it matter now whether they give you a knighthood or not? . Birlings beliefs are in the status quo and he also wants to be respectable. Eric however does not care about appearing respectable he cares about Smith. Eric political beliefs lean left. Father and son have directly opposing political beliefs. Mr and Mrs Birling think very differently from their children. Sheila seems to be speaking for the inspector I behaved badly too. I know I did. Im ashamed of it. But now youre beginning all over again to pretend that NOTHING MUCH HADS HAPPENED Mr and mrs birling are acting as they were before the inspector called they have not learnt anything from the experience theres every excuse for what both your mother and I did says birling. Birling is worried because Nothing much has happened havent I already said therell bea public scandal. Something bad has happened and it is the death of a young girl which is far more important than what the neighbours think. Sheila begins to think that maybe the inspector was not a real police inspector It doesnt matter much now, of course but was he really a police inspector? . I thought adding in the element of him not really being police inspector but a ghost of some kind would add even more emphasis the fact even more that it does not matter who found out what the birlings had to done to Smith, they still did it. It matters to Mr Birling if he was really a police inspector it matters a devil of a lot. Makes all the difference because if anyone found out he would lose his chance of a knighthood. This is further point of friction between the older and younger Birlings. Shelia and Eric are young and could chance and see where things were going wrong. It doesnt matters them that the inspector might not have been genuine. Birling thinks now hes not to blame. Shelia sums it up by saying But dont you see if all thats come out tonight is true, then it doesnt much matter who it was who it was that made us confess. There is a big contrast between this scene in Act three and the Act One. Birling reflects what I was feeling when the fire of us down to dinner a that table. I refer back to act to show the contrast in the familys relationships. The children are now at odds with their parents their attitudes. Eric says in response to Birling when you were feeling so pleased with Yourself? You told us a man has to make his own way we werent to take any notice of these cranks walked in. he cranks Eric is referring to myself I am aware that at this time some people thought of the socialists as cranks but that is an out dated tone and we are governed by these cranks. It is obvious by this stage that Eric is getting more and more angry and has a sarcastic tone of voice. I put in the stage directions that Eric laughs bitterly I tried to give the impression that Eric was completely un-nerved by the whole experience and could at any moment breakdown. He felt bad about the part he played in Eva Smiths death. I thought this would add an element of tension to the play. To stage the play I would recommend keeping the furniture on the to the minimum. There should be a large table with chairs around it. There could be a decanter and some glasses on a small table to the side of the set. I also recommend that light changes when the inspector leaves. It should become slightly darker to illustrate the change in the play. The mood has changed the birlings and tired and emotional and have to deal with the consequences of their actions. During the scene Ive just described most of the characters are standing around not quite sure what to do. The chairs should not be neatly pushed under the table but pulled out and at odd angles because this would fit in well with the scene. The inspector has just dropped a bomb shell and the stage should reflect this. The characters in the play have all had things exposed about then that they thought were secret. How they deal with these things are important Shelia for example feels remorse about what she at Milwards shop getting Eva Smith sacked . She has learnt from this experience to think of others more. After the In spector leaves she acts a s his mouthpiece, she makes a speech a at the end remaining the family of what they have done, as I imagine the inspector would do You turned the girl out of one job and I had her turned out of another. Gerald kept her at a time when he was supposed to be too busy too see me. Eric also feels bad about what he did and is in trouble for stealing money to give to Smith. He is not worried about the money but what happened to Smith in the end. Birling is annoyed by the whole experience and is especially annoyed about the money that Eric stole until every penny of that money you stole is repaid, youll work for nothing. Mrs Birling like Birling is angry and also thinks that Eric . Im ashamed of you. Eric points out that he is ashamed of you as well because of his parents lack of compassion. Birling is ashamed of Eric because he stole from him and did not come to him for help. He is not so worried that Eric was involved with a prostitute and had fathered a child. He said to Shelia when he found out about Gerald had been involved with a prostitute Sheila, a lot of young men . Eric is ashamed that he was responsible for the death of a person and that he could not help her. I believe the scene I have just described is important because this is when the inspector says exactly what he thinks. Before he had been fairly impartial. It is also the point where the family realise the inspector is not real. We also see the family alone without Gerald or the Inspector. I wanted to show in the play that compassion and understanding must start at home if it to be shown to the rest of the society. Birling and Eric are an example of conflict within the family unit.

MMOs and effects Essays

MMOs and effects Essays MMOs and effects Essay MMOs and effects Essay Stands for massive multilayer online role playing game. Some of which Im sure many of you have heard of are world of warrant. Reinsurance, guilders, Everest, stalwart: the old republic. These are games that you play online with a multitude of other players from all over the world where you interact in a world together. These often require the people who play these games much more time than most games because you cant pause them like a name on your palpitation or oxbow. They dont stop. And as a result, you have to set up times where you can play with your friends, online or real, to achieve the goals of these games. These games are not meant to be played by a single person. According to Bright. Com Associate Professor of Psychology in the College of Arts and Science of Syracuse University, Joshua Smyth has conducted one of these studies to try to determine the negative and positive effects on gaming. In the study Smyth studied 4 groups of gamers. F the groups consisted of single player type gamers. And the last group was morph gamers. MORPH gamers had a significantly lower level of health, often not getting enough sleep or food as they often lost track of time or simply forgot to eat. The major benefit to playing ammos is that players of these games often valued friendships to a higher level than other gamers and most importantly were able to communicate and socialize with other gamers that were of other ethnicity or religions as them. This also translated to being able to socialize with members different races and ethnicity outside of games better than other gamers. Talk ammos and effects on Pl who play. What is morph? MORPH stands for. List of Play online with multitude all over world. Require more time cant pause. They dont stop Must set up time to play with friend. Games not meant played single person University, Joshua Smyth MOM lower health sleep food Bennett value Threatens; addle to socialize. Translate outside game

Language Beliefs Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Language Beliefs Paper - Essay Example f adult learning and literacy are more expected to be providing an appropriate framework for second language learning compared to those concerned with child development. Linguistic-oriented theories of language learning tend to highlight genetic mechanisms, which are the so-called "universal grammars" in explaining language acquisition. Behavioral theories dispute that association, reinforcement, and imitation are the primary factors in the acquisition of language. Cognitive theories put forward that schema, rule structures, and meaning are the distinctive characteristic of language learning. Memory processes have been singled out as the basis for language intellectual capacity. There are a number of principles, which are related, with second language acquisition of children but in the following paragraphs, only the most imperative ones are stated. The first principle states that bilingualism is an asset hence it must be promoted at all levels. The topic of the use of language for bilingual children has now been a debate for the last so many years and there are no simple and definite answer. At times, parents as well as members of a community start feeling pretty strongly about their children who could not speak English in school. At other points of time, it has been witnessed that there is a robust attitude attached with the strengthening of the home language, while at the same time teaching English. The decision as to how to introduce English to children who come to school with limited proficiency in English should be left to local discretion of the parents as well as at times, to the children themselves, the latter being the case when they have serious p roblems understanding the second language or have trouble speaking and/or writing or both. If we talk about acquiring English, the child might come into sight as having some degree of know-how and adeptness in both the languages, thus signifying it as a transitional chapter for the duration of which requirement

PUBLIC LAW Master Essay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of 8 to 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights - Research Paper Example In doing so, it reifies the level of the protection of the individual's rights. Meanwhile, even though state parties can file cases against other states, this rarely happens. The Convention takes into consideration numerous human rights. This paper shall discuss the rights safeguarded by Articles 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the Convention. These are, respectively, the right to respect of private life, the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, the right to freedom of expression, right to freedom of assembly and association. Salient to this paper's discussion would be the extent of the state's ability to control or interfere in the aforementioned rights, as provided by the Convention. Each of the three articles will be stated, and then discuss in detail. 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This article evidently protects the right of the individual against unlawful searches, against constant surveillance, as in phone taps, or going through electronic mails and physical letters. The first provision clearly asserts that an individual, his family, and his friends should not be monitored. But the second provision provides conditions that are very vague. In a sense they could account for a lot of things, depending on the situation and circumstances. For example, "in the interest of national security" pertains clearly to individuals and groups that may be considered threats to the state. But this can encompass a multitude of people. There might be cases of people being judged in a bad light on the basis of their ideological and political leanings, without them actually being actual threats to the state. Even the term "state" can take on a myriad of interpretations, depending on who's speaking, and for what reason. Protecting the interests of the "state" can mean preserving the present regime. In a sense, these political terms can be used to the disadvantage of individuals in question. Â  

Study guide for an exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Study guide for an exam - Essay Example The current global footprint is exceeding the potential of the planet to sustain itself. However, with time, there will be a number of issues, which might help to bring the global footprint down and make the existence of humans on the planet sustainable. According to Wackernagel and William (32), sustainable developemt is the kind of developent, which meets the needs of today’s popualtion without compromising the needs of future generations. The first is the fact that technology is increasing the ability for the planet to sustain itself. Technology will help in producing manufacturing systems, which, in turn, produce less waste for the same level of production. At the same time, technology can be used to develop ways for the planet to help refresh its resources faster as artificial genetic modification of plants will make it easier for plants to grow faster. The second important fact is that people will get more aware about the issue of sustainability, and this may help in mak ing sure that people and societies can start living in a more sustainable way. This will, however, depend on how aggressively the campaign for sustainability is going to be accomplished. Section II Q 3: Tragedy of the Commons Tragedy of the Commons refers to the overuse and sometimes abuse of a common resource by different individuals who act independently in their exploitation of a natural resource. A good example of a common, which is being depleted by different parties, is the oceans. Different countries are depleting the oceans in a number of ways, without knowing that they are doing it. Nations such as China, the USA, European Union countries and other big nations are depleting the oceans at quite an intense pace. The oceans and seas are all interconnected and when depletion happens in one area, the effect is being felt in many other areas. For instance, overfishing is becoming a major problem as fish reserves are being depleted around the world. There is a reason why depleting fish reserves in one area of the planet affects any other area. First of all, most fish and marine animals, such as whales, sharks etc., always travel for long distances, and this means that when these fish and mammals are depleted in one area, the rest of the fauna will still be affected. In this regard, it becomes clear that seas and oceans are one of the commons, which are being affected by different nations of the world, thus, depleting the resources. Another way in which the seas are depleted is by the rising the number of cruise ships, which are increasingly overburdening the seas with waste that is hard for the seas to absorb or assimilate. The main issue with this is the fact that these cruise ships are causing massive deaths in the seas because they produce a lot of waste as they keep going. The USA, Canada and China are leading this type of pollution with their increasing number of cruise ships that take to the open sea for long periods of time, thus, spilling a lot of wa ste into the water. The waste produced by these nations has led to disasters in the marine life with many marine animals being reported as dying or having serious health issues caused by these wastes produced. Q4: Triple bottom-line Triple bottom-line is a concept of accounting, which argues that firms should look at various issues when

Philosophical Influences: Declaration Of Independence

Philosophical Influences: Declaration Of Independence The Declaration of Independences importance matured greatly throughout history, especially the second sentence, an extensive proclamation of human rights: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. This single sentence of proclaiming human rights has been noted as one of the best-known sentences in the English language and the most potent and consequential words in American history. This passage alone has been utilized in many aspects to support the rights of various groups, as well as symbolizing for people a just and honorable standard in which the United States should endeavor. Continuing this important part of the Declaration, That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. This section of the Declaration that includes these specific words written by Thomas Jefferson were commemorated by the accomplishment of the American Revolution. However, these words were not exactly written of all originality on July 4, 1776. They were in fact not even fashioned out of Jeffersons own novelty or creativeness. It is unquestionably factual that the draft of the Declaration written by Jefferson was intuitive principally from his own perceptive ideas pertaining to government and its foundations, however, he did not assert to be the resource of insight for the ideas and thoughts he wrote on paper. Following the Revolution, and to which Jefferson admitted to, John Adams found fault in the idea that Jefferson had not written anything new for the Declaration. It was Thomas Jeffersons pen that wrote the Declaration of Independence, but who were its authors? The original Declaration was actually signed by fifty delegates to the Continental Congress, however, the document had greater influence past these signers. It is even wondered whether or not the Declaration of Independence contains original ideas. Jefferson describes it instead to be a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution. In 1825 Jefferson stated: Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment, nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing, it was intended to be an expression of the America mind, and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion. TO HENRY LEE Thomas Jefferson The Works, vol. 12 (Correspondence and Papers 1816-1826; 1905). The Online Library of Liberty. May 8, 1825. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Declaration cannot be classified as having a single author, but more of having various influences. Thomas Jefferson, one of the principal authors of the Declaration of Independence was the third President of the United States and he was one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his encouragement of the principles of republicanism in the United States. He foresaw America as the power behind a great Empire of Liberty that would support republicanism and oppose the imperialism of the British Empire. Jefferson was attained distinction for numerous things including a horticulturist, political leader, architect, archaeologist, paleontologist, inventor, and founder of the University of Virginia. He was a very honored man due to all of his accomplishments. When John F. Kennedy welcomed 49 Nobel Prize winners to the White House in 1962 he said, I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent and of human knowledge that has ever been gathered together at the White House-with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Thomas Jefferson favored the individual and their individual rights over the government and big businesses. His vision for American virtue included an agricultural nation of yeoman farmers minding their own affairs. His agrarianism was contrasting to the vision of Alexander Hamiltion, who envisioned a nation of commerce and manufacturing, which Jefferson believed offered too many temptations for corruption. Jeffersons profound confidence in the individuality, uniqueness, and the potential of America made him the father of American exceptionalism. He was particularly convinced that an under-populated America could avoid what he thought to be the horrors of class-divided, industrialized Europe. Jefferson strongly believed the idea in which each individual has certain inalienable rights. This meaning, these rights exist with or without government, and man cannot create, take, or give these rights away. Jefferson is most noteworthy for enlightening the right of liberty. Rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others. I do not add within the limits of the law, because law is often but the tyrants will, and always so when it violates the rights of the individual.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Consequently, for Jefferson, although government cannot create a right to liberty, it can indeed violate it. The limit of an individuals rightful liberty is not what law says it is but is simply a matter of stopping short of prohibiting other individuals from having the same liberty. Jefferson believed a proper government to be one that not only prohibits individuals in society from infringing on the liberty of other individuals, but also restrains itself from diminishing individual liberty. His commitment to equality was articulated in his successful efforts to abolish primogeniture in Virginia, the rule by which the first born son inherited all the land. Jefferson believed that individuals have an inna te sense of morality that prescribes right from wrong when dealing with other individuals, that whether they choose to restrain themselves or not, they have an innate sense of natural rights of others. He even believed that moral sense to be reliable enough that an anarchist society could function well, provided that it was reasonably small. In several instances, he conveyed admiration for the tribal, communal way of living of Native Americans. In a letter to Colonel Carrington he said: I am convinced that those societies (as the Indians) which live without government, enjoy in their general mass an infinitely greater degree of happiness than those who live under the European governments.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. For this reason, he did support government for the American stretch provided that it exists by consent of the governed. Immediate sources of Influence for the Declaration of Independence include Jeffersons own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia and George Masons draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights. Both ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson also looked at the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king. Through this statement of natural rights Jefferson meant to release the idea that men are free by nature, are equal beings and should be free to pursue their dreams in life. This statement, however, was in disagreement with a majority of the thinking and reasoning of this time period, in that it was a ruler of a country, either king or an emperor, who passed down any rights given to the people of his kingdom. Thomas Jefferson disputed that it was nature that gave man rights, not people in power. Jefferson was exceptionally knowing of previous documents holding comparable ideas when he was writing the Declaration, including the treatise by Samuel Adams noted as Rights of the Colonists. Most of the political leaders during the Revolution had similar thoughts and ideas pertaining to the self-evident truths of the Declaration. Furthermore, the ideas articulated in the Declaration were common among many of the colonists of the period. The Declaration was vigilantly articulated for the reason of expressing the vision and thoughts of the colonists in broad-spectrum, as well for gaining their loyalty for the upcoming struggle in which they were to experience. It may be questioned how such claims were regarded by colonists in general and what the beginning of these thoughts were. In what previous documents to the Declaration were these beliefs presented as self-evident truths? In 1772, four preceding the signing of the Declaration, Samuel Adams penned a short essay known as Rights of the Colonists as Men. His words included the following: Among the natural rights of the Colonists are these: First, a right to life; Secondly, to liberty; Thirdly, to property; together with the right to support and defend them in the best manner they can. These are evident branches of, rather than deductions from, the duty of self-preservation, commonly called the first law of nature. All men have a right to remain in a state of nature as long as they please; and in case of intolerable oppression, civil or religious, to leave the society they belong to, and enter into another. When men enter into society, it is by voluntary consent.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Every natural right not expressly given up, or, from the nature of a social compact, necessarily ceded, remains. All positive and civil laws should conform, as far as possible, to the law of natural reason and equity. As neither reason requires nor religion permits the contrary, every man living in or out of a state of civil society has a right peaceably and quietly to worship God according to the dictates of his conscience.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Samuel Adams wrote The Rights of the Colonists when he was at the age of 50, as an element of assemblies in Massachusetts in 1772, subsequent to the Governor having liquefied the colonys Colonial Assembly. Three hundred townspeople congregated and voted to employ a board of communication, as well as having this committee outline a proclamation of the colonists rights. The accountability for arranging the initial draft was allocated to Samuel Adams. Passages from the end result, as previously quoted, were in quintessence consumed in a document entitled the Declaration of Rights, written by the Continental Congress in 1774 and as a final point in the Declaration of Independence in 1776. One of the manipulates on Adams idea is candidly affirmed by his personal thoughts in the Rights of the Colonists pertaining to religious toleration: Insomuch that Mr. Locke has asserted and proved, beyond the possibility of contradiction on any solid ground, that such toleration ought to be extended to all whose doctrines are not subversive of society. The connection involving Adams and John Locke is established multiple times in Adams writings. In 1771, in a journal in the Boston Gazette, he commenced his prime focus with the expressions Mr. Locke, in his treatise on government. English political theorist John Locke is often cited as a primary influence on the Declaration. Many of the phrases evident in the Declaration follow closely to certain sentences in Lockes Second Treatise on Government. Lockes classical liberalism greatly influenced republicanism. Hence, to the slightest, the political attitude and beliefs of John Locke was one of the fundamentals of the Declaration of Inde pendence, and examination gives evidence for the idea that the formation of inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness owe a great deal to John Lockes Second Treatise of Government that came into print in 1690. The responsibility to Locke is exposed by the subsequent passage from his Second Treatise. The title page articulates of the second treatise, The latter is an essay concerning the true original extent and end of civil government. The commencing lines concern the Biblical Adam and to his private dominion and parental jurisdiction, prearranged to him by God, which undoubtedly inscribes the production as founded eventually on Scripture, Gods Holy and Written Word. In sections 4, 6, and 13, Locke expresses his thoughts that: (A)ll men are naturally ina state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. A state also of equality A state of liberty, yet it is not a state of licence. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions: for men being all the workmanship of one omnipotent, and infinitely wise maker; all the servants of one sovereign master, sent into the world by his order, and about his business; they are his property, whose workmanship they are, made to last during his, not one anothers pleasure Every onemay not, unless it be to do justice on an offender, take away, or impair the life, or what tends to the preservation of the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another. In prà ©cis regarding these passages that came from Lockes treatise, there is a evidently identifiable formation of the rights of life, liberty, and property that subsists. Locke overtly preserves the idea that these human rights were fundamental and elemental rights of man, certain by God the Creator. These rights are undeniable due to the fact that they are recognized as an element of the God-given law of nature, and as a result are apparent in life itself. In his recurrent employment of the phrase law of nature, Locke positioned himself in a prosperous and time-privileged custom looking through history to the Bible itself. It is undoubtedly that Locke had the idea in his head a vision that centered around the bible, of the nature of man as created by God. One of the itemized rights evident in the Declaration, pursuit of happiness, is not initiated by Locke, who made use of the word happiness merely three times in the Second Treatise, in fairly limited frameworks. Locke focused as an alternative on the rights of property. The right to pursue happiness, which is thought to be much extensive in possibility, is distinguishable through the Federalist Papers written John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, influenced by the assumed name Publius. Ultimately, the comprehensiveness of happiness as a conception may be evident in the copious life guaranteed to man by Jesus Christ. Any one discussion pertaining to the suitable function of government may progress and advance through a glance back to the thoughts wherein our nation was established. In the Declaration of Independence, conceivably the most succinct articulation of those exact thoughts and principles may be discovered. The Declaration is perceptible in the idea that the Founders trusted in the beliefs that individual liberty, identified by the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, protected by a government constructed for that intention, gaining its justifiable power from the consent of the governed. The arrangement of the words in the Declaration is very significant. By vigilantly examining the Declaration, one may come across the idea that there is no reference of government to the point that the moral order of the world in which the Founders foresaw is presented. Their attitudes embark on a state of nature, in which no government has so far been fashioned by man. It is not until f ollowing the moral order is instituted that the political order -which is derived from this moral order-conversed. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. This very quote from the Declaration proves very important in both its order and meaning. We hold these truths to be Self-evident. In this section of the passage, as the first line, the authors allow the people to understand that reason offers the foundation of the proposal to come next. They declare the truths that are subsequent are self-evident, which provides for the idea that they are deductible by reason. This idea designates that the Founders are functioning contained by theoretical and idealistic tradition of natural rights. This perspective gives that there is a superior law of right and wrong that may be utilized to develop moral lawsà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ finish talking about each line of quote and its meaning? Or talk about the drafts and popular culture? The Declaration of Independence provides for an abundance of interpretation and sources by scholarly inquiry. This formal document declared the independence of the United States of America from Great Britain by giving the colonial grievances of King George III, declaring natural rights, one of those being the right of revolution. The Declaration was originally disregarded after the American Revolution, having provided its primary intention in declaring independence. This sentence in which most Americans live by was significantly influenced by Abraham Lincoln, who thought of the Declaration as being the underpinning of his political philosophy, and encouraged the proposal that the Declaration of Independence be a proclamation of standards through which the United States Constitution should be construed. http://www.freedomworks.org/publications/the-declaration-of-independence-a-look-at-the-mean http://www.avantrex.com/essay/freetalk.html inventing America jeffersons declaration of independence garry wills the declaration of independence a study in the history of political ideas greatness to spare Effects on Happiness: A Reflection Effects on Happiness: A Reflection Happiness: Subjective Well-Being Well-being involves physical, psychological, social, economic, and environment. Subjective well-being meaning covers a wider range of concepts than just happiness (Compton Hoffman, 2012a). However, the subjective well-being also provide advice on measuring people’s experience and evaluations of particular domains of life such as satisfaction with the financial status, health status and other meaningfulness in life (Compton Hoffman, 2012a). Besides that, subjective well-being includes three elements. First is life evaluation, reflective assessment on a person’s life (Compton Hoffman, 2012a). Second is affect. It means a person’s feelings or emotional states (Compton Hoffman, 2012a). Third element is Eudaimonia (Compton Hoffman, 2012a). It is a sense of meaning and purpose in life, or good psychological functioning. On the other hand, subjective well-being involved bottom-up theory and top -down theory. Bottom-up theory are assesses the quality of our marriage or friendship, satisfying the job, income and thereby create a summary statement of our overall ‘satisfaction’ (Compton Hoffman, 2012a). Besides that, bottom-up theory perspective focus on changing the environment and situation such as, obtaining a better job, safer neighborhood and other external things to increase the happiness (Compton Hoffman, 2012a). Furthermore, top-down theory describe as measured by looking at personality traits, attitudes, and cognitions (Compton Hoffman, 2012a). Top-down theory perspective focus on increase the happiness should change people’s attitudes, belief, personality traits and other inner things (Compton Hoffman, 2012a). Lastly, previous research also presented evidence that both top-down and bottom-up evaluations are important, but utilized indifferent situations and times in life (Compton Hoffman, 2012a).. Leisure Leisure refers to how people spend their spare time, what people to do relax, the activities in which people engage to have fun, and how people express the interest (Compton Hoffman, 2012b). In the leisure and well-being describe as positive relationship between our satisfaction with leisure and well-being (Compton Hoffman, 2012b). It is fairly clear that leisure helps people feel better about their lives (Compton Hoffman, 2012b). Therefore, everyone should find ways to amuse themselves such as sport, drawing and other activities to amuse themselves (Compton Hoffman, 2012b). In my leisure time, I prefer going to swimming, play badminton and other sports with friends. This is because I am feel relax, fun and satisfaction while I am doing sport activities. At the same time, sport activity also can bring out a lot of benefit such as improve mental health, exercise decreases disease risk, keeping fit and other benefit to me. Hence, I am preferred doing sport activity with friends in my leisure time. Besides that, I can also maintain a good relationship with friends through the playing badminton or swimming. Moreover, doing sport activities also can build up a social support to me. When I feel stressful, I can play with friends. It can help me feel relax or reduce the stressful after sport. Then, when I feel helpless, I can share my problem with friends, it can help me a lot. Lastly, I prefer going to swimming, play badminton and other sports with friends because after doing exercise, I feel satisfaction and I can focus on my academic. It can helping in my daily life and also to overcome my life challenge. Love and well-being In positive psychology, Love is one of significant ways that people pursue well-being (Compton Hoffman, 2012c). Needs for love and intimacy may be biologically innate (Compton Hoffman, 2012c). Moreover, relationship satisfaction is associated with a couple’s similarity in attitudes and values, positive personality traits, the type of attributions made to explain a partner’s behavior and healthy styles of communication (Compton Hoffman, 2012c). Besides that, relationship stability is associated with factors such as friendship, commitment, conflict management and the effects of external stressors (Compton Hoffman, 2012c). It can help people in their daily life and overcome the life challenges. When I finished my secondary school studies, I have no any goal or planning about my future. I also do not know what next steps are. Therefore, my parents’ advice is continuing studies since I do not any planning about my future. About of this, I was conflict with my parents because I do not planning continuing studies. Besides that, I also think I am not smart enough to continuing the studies. Hence, I feel some worry and angry. Moreover, this happen also hurt relationship between my parents and me. My parents and I keep some conflict and quarrel about my future. Finally, I understand what my parents’ think, what my parents’ feel. I also know what I want to do in my future. Thus, I agree and accept my parents’ advice and decide continuing studies. Positive Health Positive health is excellence in three measures. Firstly, biological markers include any measures of physiological functioning that can impact health or well-being (Compton Hoffman, 2012d). Second, subjective experiences include any measure of subjective well-being such as optimism and positive emotionally (Compton Hoffman, 2012d). Third, functional measures include assessment of how well daily activities are accomplished and behavioral signs such as occasional disability (Compton Hoffman, 2012d). The goal of positive health is to describe adaptation to challenges, toward a better quality of life (Compton Hoffman, 2012d). This process is not just coping and adaptation but positive growth. When I was young, my parents busy for working. Hence, my grandparents need take care of me. My grandparents send me go to school, bring me go out to friends’ house, shopping and other. Besides that, my grandfather teaches me a lot of things, playing with me and other. I feel happy about all of this. When my secondary school, my grandmother is pass away. My family very upset. Even My grandfather do not want go out anymore. He cannot to accept this happen. My family very worries about it. Positive health can help me overcome this problem. This is because positive psychology describe as positive growth. About this happen, I feel upset, but I understand I need to growth and accompany my grandfather to accept this happen even I feel upset too. Since I was young, my grandfather always accompany me to do a lot of things, take care of me, teaches me a lot of things. In this moment, my grandfather is helpless. Therefore, my family and I need accompany and bring positive emotion to him. So that, my grandfather can has a better life in future. Creativity and Genius Genius began to take on a meaning of special talent or ability beyond the normal range (Compton Hoffman, 2012e). Genius also describe a person who of extraordinary creativity and inventiveness (Compton Hoffman, 2012e). Besides that, those labeled as geniuses exhibited the same qualities associated with people who achieve excellence in something, person who will extremely motivation, willing to work long and hard, and absorbed in a search for deeper knowledge about their craft (Compton Hoffman, 2012e). Well-being across the Lifespan In the Well-being across the Lifespan, researchers have used three basic models to understand life changes (Compton Hoffman, 2012f). Firstly, stage or growth models postulate recognizable stages that need to addressed, roughly at different ages (Compton Hoffman, 2012f). Second, lifespan models observe the personality development as a continuous process of adjustment to challenges (Compton Hoffman, 2012f). Third, life-course models also tend to look at phase of life but emphasize the social-role demands at each phase (Compton Hoffman, 2012f). When I was young, my grandparents take care of me. This is because my parents need go out for working, but my parents will have accompanied me in every night. Hence, I feel happy in my childhood. In my primary school life, I like the sport activity. Hence, I become one of the participants which represent the school to competition with different primary school. My primary life is busy but I feel enjoy. In secondary school, my grandmother was pass away when my form 2. My family very upset about it especially my grandfather. My grandfather cannot to accept this happen and refuse to go out. However I’m feel sad, but I think I need to accompany my grandfather. This is because my grandfather very cares and teaches me a lot of things during my childhood. This happen also makes me growing and more understand/treasure my family members. In my university life, it is a busy life. Every semester, I need to complete a lot of test, assignment. Sometimes I’m feel very stressful because these all of the academic things. Luckily, I have some friends can play badminton with me. Besides that, I also enjoy swimming with my housemates during every weekend. It can help reduce my stressful from academic. Optimal Well-Being Optimal well-being describe as stated the personal growth requires choices about what particular type of person you would like to become (Compton Hoffman, 2012g). Besides that, growth never occurs in vacuum, so people must decide what kinds of person want to be and which personality traits express your unique potential(Compton Hoffman, 2012g). For example, people who often love, compassionate to other people. That people can express their own unique potential and become caring people (Compton Hoffman, 2012g). On the other hand, optimal well-being can also describe is to think about the types of people you admire, respect and which people inspire you to be a better person (Compton Hoffman, 2012g). For example, a person who watches a movie about the helping people, it may motivate that people to act on behalf of others. In my secondary school, my sibling was study in different university. My parents also pay a lot of attention to them. Besides that, I feel admire and a bit envy about it. This is because I feel my parents’ concern and caring toward them only. I feel lonely and cannot get the caring and concern from my parents. At the same time, I also can understand my sibling is always at the outside because studies. Hence, my parents will show more concern to them. In optimal well-being, I can understand what I want to be in the future. In future, I want be university students, so it can help explore my knowledge. Moreover, When I feel admire and envy my sibling, I want be university students likes my sibling. It is called own inner hero. This is because my siblings already motivate me to be university students too. Hence, optimal well-being help me to deal my challenges. Religion, Spirituality, and well-being In positive psychology, religious provides social support, healthy lifestyles and other positive thing to people (Compton Hoffman, 2012h). Besides that, people who are more religious in their behavior show better emotional well-being and actively religious people have reported markedly greater happiness and somewhat greater life satisfaction than their irreligious counterparts (Compton Hoffman, 2012h). Particularly relevant to positive psychology are studies that have found that religious or spiritual practice can increase positive emotional states such as joy, hope and other (Compton Hoffman, 2012h). Therefore, greater religiousness is significantly related to better mental health and higher subjective well-being (Compton Hoffman, 2012h). My religious is Buddhism. Religious is one of part in my life. Buddhism teaches me a lot of thing. For example, when I have some negative thinking such as want cheating in the exam, I also will think about my religion. Buddhism always mention make bad thing, you will get retribution from God. Hence, I will feel guilt and fear of retribution from God, so I will give up those bad attitudes or negative thinking. Lastly, Buddhism also teaches me need filial, love and concern to parents. In my college life, I went to Kuala Lumpur for my studies. Hence, I must go back the hometown to accompany and concern my parents during the semester break. Besides that, I also called my parents when I’m free. However, I cannot always accompany my parents, but I still show my concern, filial to my parents. Positive Institution In Positive Institution, social well-being was comprises five dimensions. Firstly, social acceptance describe as the degree to which people generally hold positive attitudes toward others (Compton Hoffman, 2012i). Second, social actualization describe as the degree to which people believe that society has the capacity to develop into a better place (Compton Hoffman, 2012i). Third, social contribution describe as how much people believe their daily activities contributes to society and how much those activities are valued by their community (Compton Hoffman, 2012a). Fourth, social coherence describes as the degree to which society is understandable, predictable and logical (Compton Hoffman, 2012i). Lastly dimension is social integration. It refers how much a person feels a part of his community as well as how much support and commonality one feels toward others (Compton Hoffman, 2012i). I went to Kuala Lumpur for continue my studies. In K.L., I was living without my family. My family cannot accompany me. I feel unsecure but I know I need to adapt and independent. Luckily, I meet some good housemate. My housemate gave me a lot of happy and concern. Hence, this hostel becomes my ‘second house’. I feel happy and enjoy in here. On the other hand, housemates and I create a swimming gang. We were going to swimming during weekend. I feel enjoy about it because swimming can create a good quality life to me. Moreover, this swimming gang also can help to maintain a good relationship between each other. When I feel stressful or helpless, my housemates also support and give me a lot of positive energy.

Mariah Carey :: essays research papers

Mariah Carey, the biggest-selling female recording artist of the 1990's was born and raised in New York by her mother, a former opera singer with the New York City Opera and a vocal coach, Mariah Carey began singing at age four. By the time she was in junior high school, she had begun to write songs. After her high school graduation, she got her fist big break, singing backup for Brenda K. Starr, a break that led to her signing with Columbia Records. And now Mariah is not only a singer, but also a writer and producer. Mariah Carey has had more #1 singles than any female artist, surpassing both the Supremes (12) and Madonna (11), and more #1's than any currently active recording artist. She has had more #1 singles (14) than any artist during the 1990's and seen more singles (3) debut at #1 than any artist in history. With more #1 albums (4) than any female artist in the 1990's Mariah was the first female artist to see two of her albums (Music Box and Daydream) reach the 10 million mark in sales and is the only female artist to have eight albums certified triple-platinum or better (in Mariah's case, her entire album catalog has achieved RIAA multi-platinum status). Mariah's 1990 eponymous debut album launched an unparalleled unbroken string of successes. Mariah Carey has sold more than 12 million albums worldwide, was certified 8x RIAA-platinum, and yielded a record-setting four consecutive #1 singles: "Vision of Love," "Love Takes Time," "Someday," and "I Don't Wanna Cry." The title track of 1992's quadruple-platinum Emotions generated her fifth consecutive #1 single, placing Mariah Carey in the Top Ten All-Time achievers of Most Consecutive #1 Hits. Emotions earned Mariah two Grammy nominations ("Best Pop Vocal, Female" and, with Walter Afanasieff, "Best Producer") and an American Music Award ("Favorite Female Artist, Soul/ R&B"). On March 17, 1992, Mariah appeared on MTV Unplugged, leading to the release of Mariah's sixth #1 single ("I'll Be There") as well as an EP which has been certified triple platinum in the U.S. and has sold more than five million copies worldwide. In 1993, Mariah released Music Box, an album which as sold more than 24 million copies worldwide, has been certified ten times RIAA platinum, and generated her seventh and eighth #1 singles "Dreamlover" and "Hero" as well as the Top 10 hit "Without You." Mariah followed up with her holiday album, Merry Christmas, which sold eight million copies worldwide shortly after its release in November 1994 and has been certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA.

Water Assisted Injection Moulding: a Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for Pa6.

KATHOLIEKE HOGESCHOOL LIMBURG Departement Industriele Wetenschappen en Technologie Water Assisted Injection Moulding: A Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for PA6. Gielen Bjorn, Heynickx Lien, Van den Brink Dominique, Vandersteegen Jochen Water Assisted Injection Moulding: A Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for PA6. Gielen Bjorn, Heynickx Lien, Van den Brink Dominique, Vandersteegen Jochen Received 7 March 2011 Abstract Although water assisted injection moulding is a relatively new and advanced technique to produce hollow parts, several problems which reduce the product quality can occur. Namely, water inclusions in the wall, severe fingering and double wall defects reduce the product part stiffness. This study investigated the effect of the process parameters water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature on the part defects to obtain a better understanding of the formation of these part defects. The effect on the residual wall thickness and the weight of the products was also investigated. Three materials were used: two polyamides and one polypropylene as a reference. The experiments were carried out on an injection moulding machine equipped with a water-injection unit to produce hollow handles. The parts were weighed before and after drying, their wall thickness was measured and their percentage of defects was calculated in order to determine the influence of the processing parameters. IR images and pressure profiles ware also used to investigate possible detection methods for part defects. It was found that all the investigated parameters have a significant influence on the residual wall thickness and part defects. Their ‘ideal’ settings depend on the material and the desired properties since small wall thicknesses and few part defects do not always correspond. IR images can give an indication for the presence of defects, but the internal structure of the surface can not be examined using this technique. Key words: water assisted injection moulding, polyamide, processing parameters, residual wall thickness, fingering, double wall 1. 1. Introduction The development of the water assisted injection moulding (WAIM) technique has led to a breakthrough in the manufacturing of hollow or partly hollow plastic parts, which is not possible with the conventional injection moulding process [1] [2]. These hollow parts are characterised by the lighter weight of the products, relatively lower resin costs per part and less shrinkage and warpage compared to conventional moulded products [3]. Several techniques are available for the production of hollow parts. Two of the most important techniques for hollow parts are gas assisted injection moulding (GAIM) and water assisted injection moulding (WAIM). The principle of water assisted injection moulding is basically similar to gas assisted injection moulding, but the use of water has some interesting advantages over gas assisted injection moulding such as a shorter cycle time and an average smaller residual wall thickness of the products. This is due to the fact that the thermal conductivity and the heat capacity of water are respectively 40 and 4 times greater than those of gas [1], providing a better cooling of the part and therefore a faster production. Water assisted injection moulding is better to mould larger parts with a smaller residual wall thickness. Another advantage of water assisted injection moulding is the absence of the foaming phenomenon in the internal surface which can occur by using gas assisted injection moulding , since water does not dissolve or diffuse in the polymer melt during injection moulding. Disadvantages of water assisted injection moulding are part defects such as fingering and double wall arising in the internal surface. Also, the process is more complex so experience with conventional injection moulding is no guarantee for understanding water assisted injection moulding. The control f the process is much more critical, the design of the mould is more complicated and requires more knowledge of the dynamic interaction between the polymer and the filling water [4]. In addition, new water related processing parameters (water pressure, water injection delay time, water temperature, †¦ ) are involved and require proper adjustment [5]. The technology can be used to mould a large variety of polymers, includi ng glass fibre reinforced composites. Liu [6] reported the successful moulding of PP, PE, ABS and glass fibre filled polyamide 6 (PA6) composites with water assisted injection moulding. According to our investigation, few researchers have described the moulding of pure polyamide 6 with the water assisted injection moulding technique. By understanding the water assisted injection moulding process for this polymer, one is able to optimize the production and improve the product quality of PA6 parts. The water assisted injection moulding process can be applied in four variations [1] [6], which differ by the amount of injected polymer and introduction and evacuation of the water. In the short shot moulding process the cavity is first partially filled with polymer and in the next sequence, highly pressurised water is injected into the polymer core. The pressure is maintained during the cooling sequence to minimize the shrinkage and to further cool down the part. After cooling, the water is evacuated and the part is ejected. This technique is useful for thick parts, but the important limitation is the switchover mark on the surface [7]. This limitation can be eliminated by using the full shot moulding process in which the cavity is first completely filled with polymer. Next, the injection of water pushes the melt into a cavity positioned outside the cavity of the product. This overspill cavity arises by pulling back a core to enlarge the mould cavity for the overspill polymer which has to be removed from the product afterwards. Full shot moulding makes it possible to mould parts with a more uniform residual wall thickness through the end of the part in comparison to short shot moulded parts. Michaeli et al. [6] stated that the melt-push-back process is also capable to produce parts with a more uniform residual wall thickness distribution. In this process the water is injected in the reversed direction of the polymer injection and pushes the excess of melt back into the plasticizing unit. Finally, the core-pulling process uses a series of steel cores that are pulled back during water injection to increase the cavity volume and the product volume. This method produces parts with more uniform internal profiles in comparison to the former mentioned techniques. The investigated polymer, polyamide 6, is a semi-crystalline material that is classified as an engineering plastic. Beneficial properties of polyamide 6 over a wide range of temperatures and humidity are its high strength, high stiffness and toughness, good wear and abrasion resistance, low coefficient of friction and good chemical and electrical resistance [8], [9], [10], [11]. Further modification can be obtained by adding additives like fillers and plasticizers. Fillers achieve a better strength and stiffness, plasticizers cause higher toughness [12], [13]. Modification of the molecular weight has also a distinguishable influence on the polymer properties. The main drawback of polyamide 6 is the high moisture absorption affecting the rheological properties and deteriorating the processability. High moisture absorption causes part defects and results in a bad internal surface quality reducing the stiffness of the end product [14], [15], [16]. The absorbed water in the polymer has two important roles. Firstly, the water molecules act as plasticizers reducing the hydrogen bond interactions between the polyamide chains. Secondly, due to the hygroscopic nature of polyamide 6, the absorbed water influences the condensation reaction equilibrium depending on the initial moisture content [17], [18]. If the moisture content is less than prescribed thermodynamically, the reaction proceeds towards further condensation and an increase in molecular weight, increasing the viscosity exponentially. If the moisture content is higher than determined by the equilibrium, a hydrolysis reaction occurs. This causes a decrease in viscosity as well as degradation of the polymer. To properly process polyamide 6, the pellets are preferably dried to small moisture levels. Possible part defects that may occur in water assisted injection moulding are fingering and double wall. Liu and Lin [19], [20] investigated the problem of fingering in water assisted injection moulded composites. The fingering phenomenon comprises the non-uniformly penetration of water bubbles or steam into the polymer wall outside the designed water channels causing the formation of finger-shaped branches and small cavities in the polymer wall, which lead to a bad internal surface quality and a reduced part stiffness of the end product. Fingering depends on the dimension of the part: thick parts usually exhibit less fingering pattern than thin parts. Three factors might affect the formation of fingering. The first one is shrinkage of the polymer during cooling. During post-filling, the polymer undergoes volumetric shrinkage allowing water to penetrate into the parts. The more the polymer shrinks, the more water will penetrate into the part and causes fingering. However, this statement is in contradiction with the statement that thick parts exhibit less fingering, so research is necessary to investigate which conclusion is relevant for PA6. Shrinkage also depends on the crystallinity of the polymer. PA6 is a crystalline polymer and thus expected to show more shrinkage than an amorphous polymer. Also, water injection moulded parts show more fingering than gas injection moulded parts since water has a higher cooling capacity than gas and has a higher cooling rate of the polymer. This leads to a greater non-uniform temperature distribution in the polymer material which worsens the uniformity of water penetration inside the parts, resulting in fingering [20]. This is equal to the statement that more shrinkage leads to more fingering. The second factor is the viscosity of the polymer melt. During water injection, water follows the path with the least resistance. While the water enters into the mould cavity, it cools the polymer melt and increases the viscosity. It then becomes more difficult for the water to penetrate into the core of the parts. The third factor is the flow resistance in the channel and in the polymer. The higher the flow resistance in the channel and the lower the flow resistance in the polymer, the more water fingering will be induced. The researchers [19] concluded that water fingering worsens when a combination of a higher water pressure, a smaller melt short shot size and a shorter water injection delay time is used. Other parameters which need to be paid attention to are the temperatures of the melt, the mould and the water. Increasing these parameters decreases the cooling rate and the viscosity and results in more fingering because it is easier for water to penetrate in the part. Another possible part defect in water assisted injection moulding is double wall [22]. Double wall is the appearance of a second polymer wall inside the hollow product which deforms the wall significantly. During the water hold time water inclusions develop in the wall. The double wall is caused by the pressure drop after the water hold time. The water in the inclusions becomes steam and expands the internal material surface causing a second wall in the polymer. Two important parameters are responsible for the forming of double wall. The first parameter is the water hold time which should be minimized in order to eliminate double wall. Increasing the water hold time compensates the shrinkage in the wall but enlarge the water inclusions in the wall worsening the double wall. The second parameter is the volume flow rate. Increasing the volume flow rate causes more double wall because more water penetrates in the polymer forming water inclusions which expand into double walls after the water hold time. There is not much known about the phenomenon of double wall. A lot of investigators do not even make a difference between fingering and double wall and characterize it as the same part defect. Hollow parts are mainly characterized by their residual wall thickness that should be minimized in order to obtain a good product quality with minimal defects. A decline in wall thickness is mainly obtained by choosing water assisted injection moulding instead of gas assisted injection moulding [4]. However, Michaeli et al. [22] concluded that in some cases gas assisted injection moulding yields parts with a smaller residual wall thickness. Several process settings can be applied for water assisted injection moulding, each having an influence on the residual wall thickness. Huang and Deng [23] concluded that besides the short shot size there are two other main parameters affecting the residual wall thickness in polypropylene samples. The first parameter is the melt temperature. Increasing the melt temperature leads to reduction of the solidified layer thickness and thus to a decrease in wall thickness. The second parameter is the water injection delay time. When increasing the water injection delay time, the residual wall thickness exhibits an increment because the solidified layer of the melt becomes thicker. Liu and Wu [24] researched the effect of the injection pin on the residual wall thickness distribution. In their research they concluded that a pin consisting of a sintered porous surface can mould large parts with a more uniform residual wall thickness distribution. Application of this high flow rate pin could significantly improve the product quality in terms of smaller wall thickness. The non-uniformity of the residual wall thickness distribution usually occurring in curved product sections, was found to be less in water assisted injection moulded parts than in gas assisted injection moulded parts. Fluids try to follow the path with the least resistance; this is the shortest path. However, water has a higher mass inertion than gas and therefore gives a better concentricity of the residual wall thickness over a cross-section. The uniformity of the residual wall thickness could be improved by adopting different mould temperatures [25]. In order to mould PA6 parts with high product quality using WAIM, one has to apply the optimal settings to reduce the part defects (fingering and double wall) and decline the residual wall thickness. The water injection delay time influences fingering and the residual wall thickness. A shorter water injection delay time causes a smaller residual wall thickness but results in more fingering [19] [23]. The water volume flow rate is an important parameter on fingering, double wall and the residual wall thickness. A higher water volume flow rate gives a smaller residual wall thickness but more fingering and double wall [21]. The melt temperature has an influence on fingering and the residual wall thickness. Increasing the melt temperature leads to a smaller residual wall thickness but to more fingering [19] [20] [23]. Further experiments in this research focuses on the influence of the water injection delay time, the water volume flow rate and the melt temperature on the residual wall thickness and the occurrence of part defects for PA6, using a design of experiments. 2. Experimental procedure 2. 1 Materials To investigate the residual wall thickness and part defects like water inclusions, fingering and double wall of water assisted injection moulded products, two polyamides (PA F223-D and PA F130-E1 from DSM) and a polypropylene (PP 400-GA05 from Ineos) were used. The melting and crystallization temperature of the materials were measured with differential scanning calorimetry (TA Instruments 2920 CE). The viscosity was measured with a capillary rheometer (CEAST Smart Rheo 2000 twin bore). The complex viscosity, storage and loss modulus were measured with a parallel plates rheometer (AERES strain controlled rheometer). The measurements show that the zero-shear viscosity of the polypropylene is higher than those of the polyamides. PA F223-D has a higher zero-shear viscosity than PA F130-E1. This indicates that the molecular weight is higher for polypropylene than for PA F223-D and that PA F130-E1 has the lowest molecular weight. The decrease in viscosity at higher shear rates occurs at lower frequencies for polypropylene in comparison with the polyamides. This indicates a higher molecular weight distribution for polypropylene than polyamide. PA F223-D has a higher molecular weight distribution than PA F130-E1. . 2 Moulded parts The part that is moulded for this experiment is displayed in figure 1. It contains four curved sections varying in radius of curvature. The polymer and water enter the cavity at the bottom side. Water enters when a movable injector is pushed forward and a core at the end of the part is pulled allowing the polymer to be removed out of the inner core of the part. Figure 1: moul ded part containing four curved sections 2. 3 Equipment The injection moulding was executed with an Engel 80-ton injection moulding machine ES 330H/80V/80HL-2F. The dimensions of the machine are 4,80 m x 2,22m x 2m. The single screw diameter is 50 mm and the plastification unit can operate with a maximum injection rate of 152 cm? /s. A volume flow rate controlled water injection unit brings the water into the mould. It can operate with a maximum water volume flow rate of 30 l/min, delivered by a maximum pressure of 200 bar. During the tests a maximum pressure of 160 bar was applied. Three pressure sensors type Priamus are localized in the mould. An IR-camera type FLIR is used to observe the temperature distribution over the produced handles after moulding. The IR-images were used to compare with the internal section to discover the cause of part defects, because water in the product gives lower temperatures on the IR-image. The dried hollow polymer handles are sawed in lengthwise direction with a band saw. The band saw is type Metabo bas 260 swift. After sawing the hollow polymer handles, the internal section were scanned with a scanner type Cannon FG17500. A metric software 8. 01 plus was applied to analyze the surface quality of the polymer. With the aid of the software, the surface area of the wall and the part defects can be determined. . 4 Method DOE procedure The experiment investigated four processing parameters that were selected after a preliminary literature study, assuming these will have a significant influence on the residual wall thickness and part defects. These parameters are the water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. Using the design of experiments approach, each parameter was measured on a low and high setting; making this a 23 experiment. In addition three centre points were measured bringing the total number of experiments to 11 for each material. Response functions were constructed for residual wall thickness, weight and defects. The significance of each parameter was checked by comparing its effect to the deviation of the centre points, neglecting the parameter if its effect is smaller than the centre point deviation. Experimental procedure After steady state was reached, five shots were produced for each setting of water volume flow rate, water injection delay time, melt temperature. For each last shot of an experiment, a print screen of the pressure evolution and an IR-image was taken. During the process the following parameters were measured: * real injection time; * absolute shot volume; * real cushion; * flow number. After moulding, the parts were dried with compressed air to remove water of the inner- and outer surface of the product. Then the injection side of the product was removed and both halves were weighed. The sawed injection product was controlled on the presence of defects giving a first indication of the quality of the product. Afterwards the handle was dried in a furnace for 44 hours on 90  °C. After drying, the handles were weighed again obtaining the weight of the water inclusions in the product wall. Three representative handles were sawed in lengthwise direction and the breams were removed. The handles were scanned to determine the residual wall thickness and the percentages of defects like water inclusions, fingering and double wall. Table 1: Processing variables and settings used for the experiments | A| B| C| Process parameters| Water volume flow rate (l/min)| Water injection delay time (s)| Melt temperature ( °C)| -1| 10| 1,5| 240| 0| 20| 5| 260| 1| 30| 8,5| 280| A| B| C| Experiment| Water volume flow rate (l/min)| Water injection delay time (s)| Melt temperature ( °C)| 1| 20| 5| 260| 2| 10| 1,5| 240| 3| 30| 8,5| 240| 4| 30| 1,5| 240| 5| 10| 8,5| 240| 6| 20| 5| 260| 7| 30| 8,5| 280| 8| 10| 1,5| 280| 9| 10| 8,5| 280| 10| 30| 1,5| 280| 11| 20| 5| 260| Table 2:Experiment schedule for parameter settings The part defects are calculated as follows: The parameters whic h have an influence on the product quality are the water volume flow rate, the water injection delay time and the melt temperature. The tested parameter settings are presented in table 1. A code using -1 for low, 0 for center point and 1 for high setting is applied. The combination of parameter settings (Table 2) are determined using design of experiments. Using the design of experiments method makes is possible to obtain a better understanding of the formation of the defects and the influence of the processing parameters. Eventually a moulding window will e determined in which the defects are minimized. 2 Results and discussion 3. 1 Effect of water volume flow rate Figure 2 shows the effect of the water volume flow rate on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and product weight Considering the residual wall thickness, polypropylene has a smaller residual wall thickness than the residual wall thickness of polyamide for all experiments. Polypropylene has a higher molecular mass, causing a wider water flow front. The higher molecular weight distribution (MWD) of PP causes a block velocity profile of the water resulting in a higher velocity on the polymer- water interface. The higher velocity causes a higher shearing and consequently a lower viscosity, resulting in a higher removal. This results both in a smaller residual wall thickness and a lower part weight. The density of polypropylene is lower compared to compared to the density of polyamide, which is also an explanation for the lower weight of product. Regarding the product weight and the residual wall thickness, the two polyamides do not differ much and correspond to each other. This is probably due to the small difference in molecular mass and molecular weight distribution. Figure 2: Effects of water volume flow rate on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall The residual wall thickness of polyamide seems not to be significantly affected by the water volume flow rate. Polypropylene however, tends to increase in residual wall thickness by application of a lower water volume flow rate. These results correspond to the suggestion that a higher water volume flow rate gives a smaller residual wall thickness, as was found in preliminary literature study. In general a material with a high MWD, like PP, will be more influenced by the flow rate than other materials like polyamides. Influence on water inclusions In general the water inclusions tend to decline when the water flow rate increases. A higher flow rate provides more shearing, giving a lower viscosity. The water can easily remove the internal polymer and does not penetrate into the walls of the polymer. PP completely corresponds to this theory, but the polyamides show an irregularity during high flow rates. this can be explained by the strong variations in injection time and a chance in the water flow profile to a profile called recirculation flow. It pushes the water into the walls causing an increase in water inclusions. The strong variations that occur with PP are probably caused by its high MWD. This property also played an important role regarding the RWT. Influence on fingering Fingering is probably caused by differential shrinkage, making a material with a high degree of crystallization like polypropylene vulnerable to this defect. The defect diminishes at high flow rates where the wall thickness is smaller, making it more difficult for polypropylene to shrink and for fingering to occur. PA F130-E1 exhibits a low variation in fingering in comparison to the other materials. This material is not in its area of shear tinning when working with low flow rates, resulting in a constant viscosity and residual wall thickness. Because of this low variation in RWT and corresponding shrinkage with changing flow rate the effect of the flow rate will be very small. In general materials with a high MWD and MM like PP show more fingering than materials with low MWD and MM like PA F130E1. PA F223D will take a intermediate position taking into account that its centre point is not completely representative. This trend for fingering is visible for all parameters. Influence on double wall The influence of the flow rate shows an overall optimum profile. Low and high flow rates cause more double wall than an intermediate setting. A first theory relates this effect to the pressure inside the part. Low flow rates exert low pressure on the polymer melt and the polymer will not form a rigid layer, making it possible for the water to penetrate into the polymer walls. High flow rates cause high pressures inside the part forcing the water into the walls. The second theory is based on the tendency of water to follow the ath of least resistance and can only explain the effect with low flow rates. The low rate will cause almost no shear stress inside the polymer so it will not reach the shear tinning area. The polymer will not easily be pushed back by the water and the water will penetrate the walls where the resistance is much lower. The effect of the water volume flow rate on double wall is the same as for water inclusions, which is explained by the rel ation between water inclusions and double wall. Water inclusions can grow during the water hold time, collapsing into double walls in the product after pressure removal. The higher double wall defects for PAF130-E1 in comparison to PA F223-D are probably caused by the difference in molecular mass. PA F130-E1 has a lower molecular mass and thus a less viscous melt resulting in a more easily penetrable material. Another noticeable result is that of the investigated materials, PA F223-D shows high part defects but relatively the smallest double wall defects. PP, the material with the highest MM shows more double wall at high flow rates for which no explanation can be found. 3. 2 Effect of the water injection delay time Figure 3 shows the effect of the water injection delay time on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and product weight A shorter water injection delay time causes a decline in the residual wall thickness and weight of product for polyamide and polypropylene, as was predicted by literature. When the water injection delay time is short, the polymer is still hot and has a low viscosity, giving the water the opportunity to hollow out the polymer more. A higher water injection delay time causes a higher residual wall thickness and weight of product because the melt viscosity increases. The residual wall thickness is higher for polyamide than for polypropylene, for the same reasons as discussed under the previous paragraph. Influence on water inclusions An increase in delay time is accompanied by an increase in viscosity that makes it more difficult for the water to penetrate into the walls. However, if the viscosity is too high, the water can also be forced into the walls, which explains the slight increase in water inclusions for PP 400-GA05 and PA F130-E1. Figure 3: Effects of the water injection delay time on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall The strong decrease in water inclusions that occurs with polypropylene is caused by the high heat capacity of this material making it cool down faster than the polyamides and increasing its viscosity faster. PA F130-E1 shows less defects in comparison with PA F223-D, probably caused by its strong temperature related viscosity. During the delay time the viscosity strongly increases, making it more difficult for the water to penetrate. Influence on fingering Increasing the delay time increases the residual wall thickness and should result in a higher chance of fingering. In general this trend can be observed from the diagrams. More fingering occurs within PP 400 GA05 caused by its higher degree of crystallization. Furthermore, this polymer is processed at much higher temperatures than its melting point, leading to further shrinkage and corresponding fingering. The presence of defects during processing with long delay times is caused by a greater residual wall thickness, which leads to more differential shrinkage. Processing with short delay times increases the presence even further, but no plausible statement can explain this. Therefore further research will be necessary. The results for the centre point of PA F223-D are probably not representative, since it is based on a single experiment of three shots. Influence on double wall The water injection delay time shows an overall optimum profile, which can be related to the shift of the rigidity in time, caused by the temperature drop over time. Production with a short delay time will push water inside the low viscosity polymer which makes it easy for the water to penetrate. Increasing the delay time also increases the viscosity and thus the rigidity of the polymer making it harder to penetrate the walls. However, if the viscosity is too high, the water will also be forced into the walls. PA F130-E1 shows more double wall because its viscosity is highly temperature related. Longer delay times will lead to larger temperature drops and a corresponding increase in viscosity. 3. 3 Effect of the melt temperature Figure 4 shows the effect of the melt temperature on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and weight of product Considering the residual wall thickness, polypropylene has a lower residual wall thickness and weight of product compared with polyamide for all experiments. This might be due to the higher molecular weight and the higher molecular weight distribution of polypropylene. The higher molecular weight distribution shows a square blocked velocity profile causing a higher velocity on the wall and a higher shearing. This results in a lower viscosity and therefore more removal of the polymer decreasing the residual wall thickness and weight of product. PA F130-E1 and PA F223-D are quite similar and do not differ much in residual wall thickness and weight of product. Increasing the melt temperature leads to a smaller residual wall thickness as was suggested by literature, because a higher melt temperature makes the polymer less viscous so more polymer can be removed by the water. The residual wall thickness of PP decreases from 240 °C to 260 °C but increases to 280 °C. The increase of the melt temperature is difficult to explain and is possible a unreliable point. In fact, also for polypropylene a decreasing tendency is remarkable. Influence on water inclusions There is a trend towards higher water inclusions when a higher melt temperature is applied. This parameter thus shows the opposite effect of the delay time. PA F130-E1 differs from the other materials, probably due to the strong variations in injection time during production. Furthermore this polymer shows a lot of internal heating (viscous heating) when Figure 4: Effects of the melt temperature time on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall high pressure is exerted, leading to a drop in viscosity. This effect usually appears in combination with low melt temperatures where the polymer has a lot of pressure to bear. So low temperatures will lead to viscous heating and therefore to high intern temperatures. The water can then easily enter the walls of the polymer due to the lower vicosity. Influence on fingering When processing the material at low temperatures, the material will have to shrink less and thus less fingering will occur. This trend is clearly visible for the polyamides, taken into account that the centre point of PA F223-D is not representative. In fact, the effects should show an opposite effect from the delay time, but this is not clearly noticeable. Further research will be necessary to explain these irregularities. Influence on double wall A higher melt temperature causes an overall increase in double wall defects for all three materials. This effect is related to the viscosity of the polymer which varies with temperature. High temperatures will lead to a decrease in viscosity making the polymer more penetrable for water. Another theory is based on the water flow profile inside the polymer. Higher temperatures usually correspond to smaller residual wall thicknesses changing the flow profile into a recirculation flow where water will be pulled into the walls. 3. 4 Comparison results of response functions and graphical tendencies Table 3 gives an overview of the best parameter settings to reduce each part defect and the total defects for each material, comparing the results of a response function (before /) and the graphics in figure 1/2/3 (after /). The response functions were constructed using the design of experiments method. Regarding the defects, only one response function was made which ncludes both fingering and double wall. Ideal settings according to response functions Using the response functions several conclusions can be made for the ideal settings of the parameters. A high water injection delay time creates less water inclusions in both polyamides. In addition, the polyamides show the same optimal settings of all parameters for the residual wall thickness. A low water volume flow rate is beneficial for the reduction of the residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall. Other settings conflict to give minimal part defects in polyamide. In general, PA F223-D has minimal part defects for a low water volume flow rate, a high water injection delay time, and a low melt temperature. PA F130-E1 requires a low water volume flow rate as well, but a low water injection delay time and a high melt temperature. The optimal settings for the minimal percentage water inclusions, fingering and double wall are highly contradictory for polyamide and polypropylene. PP 400-GA05 requires a high water volume flow rate for a smaller residual wall thickness but the other parameters have the same optimal settings for the residual wall thickness as polyamide 6. The water volume flow rate and the water injection delay time do not influence fingering and double wall significantly, so no conclusions can be made for these settings to obtain minimal fingering and double wall. If also the water inclusions and the residual wall thickness are taken into account, PP400-GA05 shows minimal part defects for a high water volume flow rate, a low water injection delay time and a low melt temperature. There can be concluded that for all three materials the best parameter settings for residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall are not the same. Since other effects may probably have an influence on the materials, further investigation will be necessary. Ideal settings according to previous diagrams The following best parameter setting are based on the previous graphics. Regarding the residual wall thickness, the best parameters for PP and PA F130D are an intermediate water flow rate, a low water injection delay time and a high melt temperature. For PA 223D, a low water flow rate is required and the other parameters are the same. For fingering, a high water volume rate, an intermediate water injection delay time and melt temperature give the best results for PP. PA F223D gives the best results for a low water volume flow rate and water injection delay time and an intermediate melt temperature. PA F130E1 in contrary, the best parameters setting are a high water volume flow rate and a low water injection delay time and melt temperature. The parameters setting are different for the three materials and show a lot of irregularities. Considering double wall, the best parameter settings are a low water flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. For both polyamides the best parameter setting are equal, an intermediate water flow rate, delay time and melt temperature. For the water inclusions, the best results were observed for a high water volume rate and an intermediate water delay time and melt temperature. PA F223D shows less water inclusions when an intermediate flow rate, a low delay time and in intermediate melt temperature is used. PA F130E1 in contrary gives the best results for a intermediate flow rate and delay time and a low melt temperature. Ideal settings for PA F223-D| | Optimal setting| Response factor| Target figure| Water volume flow rate| Water injection delay time| Melt temperature| Water inclusions| Low| High/High| High/High| Low/Low| Residual wall thickness| Low| Low/High| Low/Low| High/High| Fingering and double wall| Low| Low/High| High/Low| Low/Low| Total| | Low/High| High/Low| Low/Low| Table 3: Overview of ideal settings for the materials for each part defect Ideal settings for PA F130-E1| | Optimal setting| Response factor| Target figure| Water volume flow rate| Water injection delay time| Melt temperature| Water inclusions| Low| Low/High| High/High| High/Low| Residual wall thickness| Low| Low/High| Low/Low| High/High| Fingering and double wall| Low| Low/High| Low/Low| Low/Low| Total| | Low/High| Low/Low| High/Low| Ideal settings for PP 400-GA05| | Optimal setting| Response factor| Target figure| Water volume flow rate| Water injection delay time| Melt temperature| Water inclusions| Low| High/High| Low/High| High/Low| Residual wall thickness| Low| High/High| Low/Low| Low/High| Fingering and double wall| Low| -/High| -/Low| Low/Low| Total| | High/High| Low/Low| Low/Low| Once again, here can be concluded that the best parameter settings for residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall are not the same. Since other effects may probably have an influence on the materials, further investigation is necessary. . 5 Detection of part defects 3. 5. 1 IR-images IR images were tested if they can be used to obtain an indication of the quality of the product. This could be an important tool during production as it can deliver information about the internal structure without damaging the part. It was found that a uniform heat distribution in the part usually corresponds to few defects in the walls. The polymer equally shrinks and cools, causing no stress in the walls which could lead to defects. Figure 5 shows the section and an infrared image of a hollow part from PP 400-GA05 without defects. The corresponding IR picture shows no significant Figure 6: Scan and IR image of PP 400-GA05 product with defects irregularities in the heat distribution. The areas where the part has a higher or lower Figure 5: Scan and IR image of PP 400-GA05 product without defects temperature than the bulk are caused by respectively larger and smaller residual wall thicknesses. Small defects like fingering can occur where colder areas are completely surrounded by larger hot material making it isolated cold regions. If the cold area is gradually spread throughout the part and is therefore no isolated region, fingering is often not present. The isolated colder regions are most likely filled with water which provides more efficient cooling than the rest of the part, resulting in uneven shrinkage and corresponding fingering cavities. Large defects like double wall are often present where a relative large cold area spreads throughout the complete section and is surrounded by hot material. These defects are also likely to occur in regions with higher temperature than the rest of the part. However, the latter can also correspond with a larger residual wall thickness and is thus not conclusive for the presence of double wall defects. Figure 6 shows a part with double wall defects and the corresponding infrared image where the isolated hot (white) and cold areas (yellow) are indicated. The texture of the internal surface can not be judged with an infrared image. PA F130-E1 tends to show a rougher surface in regions with a much lower temperature, but not all parts share this conclusion. Within the other materials a rough surface does not corresponds with lower temperature areas thus the infrared does not delivers clear information about this property. 3. 5. 2 Pressure and injection rate profiles The pressure profiles and the injection rate during the injection of the melt can be used to declare some of the defects shown in the different polymer samples. The injection rate was set on 45 mm/sec and the maximum feasible pressure of the WAIM equipment was 160 bar. For the polyamides, this maximum pressure was exceeded in some cases during filling of the mould. This caused a temporary reduction of the injection rate and possibly some of the part defects of polyamide. Polypropylene does not show this trend because it has a lower flow number than PA. Figure 7 shows an example of this phenomenon in PA F223-D. In general it can be concluded that when the temperature increases the measured pressure and the flow number decrease. This reduction in pressure can be explained by the fact that the viscosity of the material will be lower at a higher temperature, so the polymer can flow easier and less pressure has to be applied. However it is not guaranteed that an irregularity in the injection profile of the polymer results in problems during water injection. This experiment was to limited to make clear conclusions about this effect. Figure 7: Pressure and injection rate profile for PA F223-D (green=pressure, blue=injection rate) 4. Conclusions 4. 1 General This report has studied the influence of melt and processing parameters on the residual wall thickness and the occurrence of part defects of PA6 parts produced with water assisted injection moulding. The study examined two polyamides (PA F223D, PA F130E1) and polypropylene 400 GA05 that was used as a reference material. According to a design of experiments, the water volume flow rate, the water injection delay time and the melt temperature are the investigated processing parameters. The water volume flow rate settings are 10, 20 and 30 l/min, the injection delay time settings are 1,5s, 5s and 8,5s and the melt temperature settings are 240 °C, 260 °C and 280 °C. It was found that the residual wall thickness showed a large distribution for all three materials, even for shots from a single experiment and therefore an extra analysis was made on the weight of the products. The product weight can give an indication for the wall thickness as a low weight usually corresponds to small thicknesses. Based on this theory it was found that the water volume flow rate has little influence on the weight and wall thickness. A larger delay time increases the viscosity of the polymer and leads to higher weight and a larger wall thickness. The melt temperature has the opposite effect, decreasing the viscosity at higher temperatures and therefore decreasing the wall thickness and weight. PP has a lower weight comparing with the two polyamides. This can be explained that PP has a higher molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. A higher molecular weight gives a parabolic velocity profile and a higher molecular weight distribution shows a square blocked velocity profile causing a higher velocity located on the wall. The higher velocity causes a higher shearing giving a lower viscosity. This results in more removal of the polymer and the residual wall thickness decreases. In fact, a lower residual wall thickness exhibits a lower weight of product. The water inclusions for the three materials tend to decline when the water flow rate increases although PP shows some irregularities. The delay time has an overall optimum profile. Intermediate settings exhibit less inclusions in comparison to other settings. The melt temperature has the opposite effect of the delay time so more water inclusions occur when higher temperatures are applied. Other defects like fingering and double wall are also influenced by the investigated processing parameters. The water flow rate shows an optimum profile for double wall, so an intermediate setting will yield the best results. For fingering the three materials all act in a different way to the flow rate. An optimum profile also occurs for double wall when the delay time is investigated. In general, fingering increases when the delay time increases, but the materials show a lot of irregularities. An increase in melt temperature causes an overall increase of fingering and double wall. Comparing PA6 and PP, PP shows an overall smaller residual wall thickness than PA6, but on average the same percentage of part defects. This means that a reduction in residual wall thickness does not influence the product quality for part defects positively. When comparing the different polyamides 6, the investigated low viscosity polyamide 6 PA F223-D show less water inclusions and fingering but more double wall than the medium viscosity polyamide 6 PA F130-D. The best choice for a polyamide depends on the relative importance of the negative influence of each part defect on the product quality. This is discussed in detail in the next paragraph. To get an indication of the quality of the product IR images can be used. It was found that a uniform heat distribution corresponds to few defects and irregularities point to the presence of defects like fingering or double wall. The internal texture of the surface can not be examined with IR. This study concludes that the investigated parameters have a significant influence on the presence of part defects and on the residual wall thickness. However, there are still irregularities in the results of the fingering phenomenon that can not be explained yet with the current knowledge of the water assisted injection moulding process. Therefore further analysis will be necessary to examine this part defect. Further research can be done by expanding the design of experiments and by producing more shots for each experiment. Producing more than three shots of each experiment should give more corresponding results, because the standard deviation of three shots is usually high. 4. 2 Selection of the material for WAIM Three materials were used in this experiment namely PA F223D, PA F130E1 and PP as reference. The residual wall thickness, weight of product, water inclusions and part defects like fingering and double wall must be compared with each other to choose the best material. This by varying the selected parameters like water volume rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. PP has in general the lowest weight of product and residual wall thickness for the three investigated parameters: water volume rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. As a result of a smaller residual wall thickness, PP has the lowest weight of product. Considering the water inclusions a decreasing tendency is obtained when a higher water volume flow rate and water injection delay time is used. There is a trend toward higher water inclusions when higher melt temperature are applied. Regarding to fingering and double wall, an opposite effect is noticeable. Increasing the water volume rate and water injection delay time gives a decreasing fingering tendency but more double wall effects. For a higher melt temperature, an increase of fingering and double wall is observed. PA F130E1 and PA F223D are quiet similar to each other in weight of product and residual wall thickness. For the weight of product PA F130E1 and PA F223D correspond to each other and for the residual wall thickness they do not differ much for all three investigated parameters. Regarding the water inclusions, both polyamides decline when water the flow rate increases. The highest flow rate provides more shearing and therefore a lower viscosity resulting in more water inclusions. Increasing the water injection delay time leads to lower water inclusions because the viscosity increases which makes it more difficult for water to penetrate into the walls. When higher melt temperatures are applied, results in a trend towards higher water inclusions because of the lower viscosity. In general, PA F223D shows more water inclusions comparing with PA F130E1 for the water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and the melt temperature. Considering fingering and double wall, different results were observed for the two polyamides. In general it is remarkable that PA F223D shows more fingering then PA F130E1 while PA F130E1 gives more double wall then PA F223D and this for the three investigated parameters. For the water volume flow rate, the polyamides act in different ways towards fingering. Although, for double wall the flow rate shows an optimum for the polyamides so an intermediate setting gives the best results. When the water injection delay time increases there is also an increasing tendency of fingering observed but the materials show a lot of irregularities. Increasing the melt temperature gives an increase of fingering and double wall as well. In this investigation can be concluded that both polyamides have their advantages and disadvantages. A selection of the best polyamide depends on which effect is undesirable. The residual wall thickness are the same for the two polyamides. PA F223D shows more water inclusions and fingering for all investigated parameters. However, PA F223D shows less double wall and therefore the best results. PA F130E1 in contrary gives more double wall effects but less fingering and water inclusions. In fact, PA F223D is preferred when double wall must be reduced and PA F130E1 is preferred when fingering and water inclusions must be reduced. Further investigation is necessary on another type of polyamide which improves the product quality using WAIM. 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