Describe what you have learned about issues of leadership in your Essay

Describe what you have learned about issues of leadership in your current role - Essay Example This is a challenging and, at the same time, a great opportunity to experiment and develop my leadership prowess. I have learned that leadership competency is all about having the ability to operate and lead people in a diverse organization structures, skills, cultures and contexts. It is the ability to work or function with external and internal teams across various time zones, human resource policies and locations. This capability makes a manager or a leader adaptive to alterations in working conditions and able to develop effective teams. Therefore, a leader needs motivation, commitment and understanding. This is because one is managing different people, with diverse cultural backgrounds, tradition, opinions and goals, is not easy, (Sadler 34). The group is motivated in diverse ways, and every teacher expects a different thing from an assistant manager. Therefore, as a leader one needs to be a team builder, motivator, coacher to ensure divergent views are integrated and needs met to achieve common goals. Leadership skills can perform an extensive part in development of one’s career. Often one’s technical skills can enhance his knowledge, (Northouse 41). Leaders learn from their colleagues, teachers, his boss and experiment various skill. Therefore, leadership is character development and building process that enables a leader to enhance his leadership skills, identify his weaknesses and strengths and reinforce his leadership abilities. A leader must be a critical thinker, managing about 50 educational supervisors and visiting different schools to promote teachers and principals of new educational strategies need critical thinking. He should predict possible challenges before they occur. Managing needs, extensive skills to allow development of educational methods that are cohesive, coherent and fruitful to the educational needs of students. Efficient listening is crucial for leaders. Without listening skills, a leader cannot get a response and

My Favourite Communication Essay Example for Free

My Favourite Communication Essay Introduction to communication, I not only have more knowledge, and skills but also having real experiences. Nonverbal Communication and establishing relationship level meaning which are the most important things I had been learned. Nonverbal communication is crucial in relationships because it is essentially the leading factor for communication. There are three different ways that nonverbal communication is shown in relationships: responsiveness, liking, and power. Responsiveness is when we use our eye contact, posture, and body gestures to convey our emotions and thoughts to the other person. For instance, if someone were to slouch in their chair and have a bored look on their face, they are probably conveying that they dont care about the class or that they are not interested in anything that is being said. Liking is a way to show positive communication towards others. Examples of this would be smiles, hugs, kisses, high fives, etc. Learning about nonverbal communication and how it establishes relationship level meaning is crucial in my everyday life. Nonverbal communication is essential in any relationship so learning about responsiveness, liking, and power, will give me a better understanding on the quality and level of my relationships. For instance, when I am working with a group at university, I will be able to better understand and have better awareness of the people who want to work and those who do not. It not only helps to better understand nonverbal communication but also to be aware of it in every situation. In my future career, nonverbal communication will play a fundamental role. If I am to pursue a profession in sign language interpreting, I will have to be able to tune my senses to everything nonverbal. Sign language is all about facial expression and body language, so learning about postures and gestures in nonverbal communication will really give me a tool to be aware of the nonverbal behaviors.

Key Areas That Affect Profitability And Continued Growth Marketing Essay

Key Areas That Affect Profitability And Continued Growth Marketing Essay The objective of this report is to discuss key areas that affect profitability and continued growth at Starbucks and to provide strategic recommendations. This report can be used to analyze current strategic decision making effectiveness as well as provide a roadmap for Starbucks continued success. Company Background Starbucks is a publicly traded company (SBUX) founded in 1971 in Seattle, WA and is a purchaser and roaster of whole bean coffees. Starbucks produces and roasts high-quality whole bean coffees and sells them along with food items and coffee related accessories through over 7000 plus company operated retail stores. Starbucks also licenses its trademark through other channels known as specialty operations. Industry Definition Starbucks has a variety of industry code classifications including SIC code: 2095 -roasted coffee and NAICS code:  311920 Coffee and Tea Manufacturing. Starbucks is a specialty eatery serving both food and beverage products. Mission Statement Analysis Starbucks mission statement is simple; to inspire and nurture the human spirit- one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time. Backing Starbucks mission statement are its six principles on how they operate found in Appendix A. These principles encompass their product, customers, partners, stores, communities, and shareholders and provide the company vision. A well defined company mission statement should include the companys product, market and areas of emphasis that reflects the values of the strategic decision makers in the company (Regis University, 2009). Pearce and Robinson define a mission statement as a unique purpose that sets a company apart from others of its type and identifies the scope of its operations (Regis University, p. 18). As a result of our analysis, we found that Starbucks mission statement coupled with their principles defines the scope of the company operations and aligns with there current strategies. External Environment Porters Five Forces Analysis The Porter 5 forces analysis is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development developed by Michael E. Porter in 1979. Michael Porters framework sees five major factors that influence a business: threat of substitute products, bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, rivalry between competitors and threat of new entrants to a market. The porters five forces model will help identify where improvements can be made through the current competitive force, threat of potential entrants, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and the threat of substitute products. Using Porters framework as a guide, Starbucks should consider the following: Power of Suppliers: Starbucks prides itself on its guiding principles one of which states, Our Coffee-It has always been, and will always be, about quality. Were passionate about ethically sourcing the finest coffee beans, roasting them with great care, and improving the lives of people who grow them. Therefore, in keeping with their mission and principles, Starbucks must ensure that the type and quality of coffee it offers is always the same. This means they would use the same suppliers that integrate their standards. Coffee is one of the largest traded commodities in the world. Starbucks is directly affected by Central America in terms of production of the Arabica beans they purchase. The bargaining power of suppliers to the specialty coffee industry would be exerted by either an increase in the price of the beans which are used in the production process, or by a threat of decline in the quality or quantity of the coffee beans themselves. An over-populated market could also give the suppliers more bargaining power. Starbucks needs to be aware of supplier power and potential price increases. Power of Buyers/Customers: A buyer group is powerful if the industrys product does not save the buyer money (Pearce and Robinson, 2007) This is a plus for Starbucks as their coffee products are higher in price and considered a luxury brand. Starbucks is much more concerned with the quality of their product versus price. However; the other consideration is small local coffee companies that were around before Starbucks took over the marketplace. These smaller coffee shops may have their core customers who will not give their business to anyone else. Available Substitutes: Starbucks must be aware of substitute products. Given the current grave economic crisis, consumers are vying towards less expensive alternatives than the luxury coffee Starbucks provides. This effect could alter Starbucks current pricing strategies.   As more substitutes become available, the current pricing model would become more elastic since customers have more alternatives.   Potential substitutes include bottled water, healthy water/juice drinks, and at home espresso machines.  Ã‚   Current Competitors: While companies like Dazbog and Caribou Coffee appear to be the most obvious competitors, McDonalds and Dunkin Doughnuts are Starbucks tops competitors. Both these organizations can compete with Starbucks in terms of sandwich items and coffee related products. More of a concern with these two competitors is their pricing modules. Both competitors are priced less than Starbucks products. Threat of New Entrants: Starbucks provides a luxury good that consumers often scale back on when they want to save money. In 2007, Starbucks saw its shares fall more than 30% partly down to customers deserting it for cheaper rivals. As McDonalds and other chains like Dunkin Doughnuts realize the money in luxury coffee more companies will begin to enter the marketplace offering similar product lines for less cost. Remote Environmental Factors Economic- Economic factors concern the nature and direction of the economy in which a firm operates. Current recession trends imply a reason for concern for a luxury brand like Starbucks with regard to the companys financials. Social- Promoting the health benefits of coffee remains a challenge for the industry and consumers are often confused with the myths propagated by the media. Social concerns regarding caffeine, and it addictive properties also need to be considered. Political-Current tensions in the Middle East and boycotts of American made products are strategic concerns for Starbucks globalization plans. Starbucks also imports their coffee beans and thus any changes in import laws should also demand special attention.    Ecological Factors- Starbucks also has a strong environmental mission statement. Starbucks promotes ethical sourcing, contributes heavily to their communities, as well as continually strives to buy, sell and use environmentally friendly products. Starbucks uses key performance indicators to be sure they are measuring the degree to which they fulfill their social and environmental responsibilities. Starbucks should maintain abreast of any changing environmental legislation that could impact their corporate strategies.   Ã‚   Technological Factors -Starbucks has been continually looking for ways to enhance the customer experience. They have also expanded their partnership with ATT. ATT offered consumers WiFi service in more than 7,000 Starbucks locations in the U.S. in spring of 2008. Industry and Competitive Environments When in a recession, luxury products tend to decline and coffee is no exception. Consumers dont find as much worth in spending $4.35 for a cup of coffee when they can purchase the same size coffee at 7-eleven for $1. 75. However, Starbucks has an immediate plan for continued growth including the introduction of its instant coffee line. Despite the challenging economic environment, Starbucks is profitable, has a strong balance sheet and generates solid cash from operations, said Schultz, CEO of Starbucks Corporation. The company is also making strategic investments in key initiatives by: Entering the $17 billion instant coffee market earlier this month with the launch of Starbucks VIAà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Ready Brew instant coffee; Growing its consumer products, licensed stores and foodservice channels; and Focusing on disciplined global store expansion in key markets. Operating Environment Pearce and Robinson (2007) stated, The operating environment factors in the immediate competitive situation that affects a firms success in acquiring needed resources. Starbucks current operating environment includes threats from competitors and rising expenses including fluctuating costs of dairy products. Price increases could have a negative impact on traffic. As of 2007, Starbucks has less than a 10% share of all of the coffee consumption in North American, and less than 1% internationally. International Environment Starbucks is an organization that operates in an international market both with regard to retail locations and use of international suppliers. Thus, Starbucks needs to consider the countries involved in its international partnerships and the impact it can have on their business strategies with regard to political, social, economic and legal locality concerns and events. Internal Analysis SWOT is an acronym for the internal strengths and weaknesses of a firm and the environmental opportunities and threats facing that firm (Pearce Robinson, 2007, p.153). Starbucks has several strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are listed in Appendix B. Strengths: Key strengths for Starbucks include the value of their employees and their corporate culture. Starbucks considers its employees partners which provides a sense of inclusion for those who work there. Also, Starbucks was one of the first organizations to offer full benefits for part-time employees. Another key strength for Starbucks is brand loyalty and name recognition. Howard Schultz, CEO, has created an every day item and turned it into a mega brand similar to Nike. Starbucks is on every street corner, in your local supermarket, and in your bookstores and campuses nation wide. Weaknesses: A key weakness for Starbucks is weakened innovation and creativity. According to Schultz, the Starbucks experience is about passion for a quality product, excellent customer service, and people. With over 4500 coffeehouses in 47 countries Starbucks coffee becomes somewhat of a commodity. In a February 2007 memo, Schultz warned top executives about over saturation of the brand. Diminishing growth opportunities are likely. Opportunities: Starbucks is a global corporation that sells its coffee in more than 16,000 coffee shops in more than 35 countries. Continued global expansion is an important opportunity. Starbucks has established relationships with PepsiCo, Barnes and Nobles, Dreyers Ice Cream and other major brands. Opportunities include continued co-branding with major manufacturers of food and drinks that have greater potential and enable further global expansion. Finally, another key opportunity is the creation of additional coffee related products and an expanded menu. Threats: Substitute products influence the demand for a companys product. More substitutes offer a bigger choice for customers and thus Starbucks has to be aware of potential substitutes available. Given the weakened economy, these substitutes become more desirable if they are a lesser cost than Starbucks offerings. With a weakened economy also comes an increase in purchasing cost for coffee related products and dairy products; both of which impact the return on investment and profits for Starbucks. Resource Based View (RBV) Analysis Resources are the distinct combination of assets, skills, capabilities and intangibles of an organization (Pearce Robinsons, 2007, p. 164). Examination of Starbucks resources can provide a method to analyze strategic advantages and assist with strategic planning. There are three basic resources reviewed when using this method; tangible assets, intangible assets, and organizational capabilities. Tangible Resources-Tangible resources are the physical and financial means a company uses to provide value to its customers (Pearce Robinsons, 2007, p. 165). Examination of Starbucks balance sheet shows inventories make up largest portion of their assets at 692.8 million of the 1, 748 billion in total current assets. Interestingly, cash and cash equivalents make up a mere 269.8 million of current assets. Starbucks owns 5 Roasting and Distribution locations, 9000, company operated retail stores, 205, 000 sq foot office building with 36,000 sq ft plot of land totally 2,956.4 million in net assets. Intangible Resources: A companys intangible resources are also important to the overall business advantage. Brand recognition is a key intangible resource for Starbucks. Starbucks reputation is positive and they are known for high quality coffee coupled with high quality customer service day in and day out. Starbucks has also used their brand recognition to introduce new products including bottled coffee drinks ice-cream products, and home espresso machines, and this intangible asset provides overall reliability that is difficult for competitors to penetrate. Other intangibles include quality of locations; skill at citing new shops; employee training, skill at customer service, and morale; employer of choice-Forbes 100 Best Companies to Work for 2007, 2008. Organizational Capabilities: Howard Schultz continues to strengthen Starbucks top management team, hiring people with extensive experience in managing and expanding retail chains. Starbucks also maintains and continues to expand its ownership of desirable locations so location analysis is a capability which allows the company the ability to increase quality of the same input factors as their competitors. Value Chain Analysis The term value chain describes a way of looking at a business as a chain of activities that transform inputs into outputs that customers value (Pearce and Robinson, 2007, p.158). Primary Functions Include: High quality product, Ethical coffee sourcing and fair trade, global responsibility, and Baristas (quality of customer service).  Inbound logistics: negotiation with coffee providers, purchasing, receiving, processing, distributing raw materials to service sites.   Support Functions Include: Coffee Master training program, desirable locations, and modern technologies and research and development. Plus traditional organizational support functions such as HR admin, accounting and finance, marketing, etc. Strengths of the value chain for Starbucks include their high quality product and the sourcing and creation of their product. Starbucks is committed to ethical sourcing and fair trade. Starbucks is also globally responsible and has introduced a shared planet program thus producing a sustainable image. This differentiates their product from their competitors. Weakness of the value chain for Starbucks include over saturation of the brand and diminishing growth opportunities due to buying out their competitors in prime real estate locations. Financial Analysis Liquidity Starbucks 2008 Industry Median Current Ratio 0.80 0.89 Quick Ratio 0.50 0.50 A current ratio measures how well Starbucks is able to meet its short term obligations. A quick ratio measures the same, minus inventories. Starbucks current ratio aligns with the industry median which means their current ratio is considered a norm for the industry. Their quick ratio also aligns with the industry median suggesting that the company doesnt have too much of its liquid assets tied up in inventory and that they are not dependent on the sale of that inventory to finance operations. The ratios above generally imply that Starbucks is able to pay its short term obligations including items such as vendor bills, rent, utilities and payroll. This number also indicates that Starbucks is credit worthy because they have enough cash to pay off their short term debt and suggestive that they pay their bills on time. Activity Starbucks 2008 Industry Median Inventory Turnover 8.3 29.2 Total Asset Turnover 1 1.2 Inventory Turnover Ratio describes how quickly product is being sold. Starbucks inventory turnover is 8.3. The industry median is 29.2; suggesting that Starbucks is lagging in ability to turn over its inventory compared to its competitors. With a ratio of 8.3, Starbucks essentially filled and sold everything on its shelves eight times in the year 2008, while the competition filled and sold 29 times. Total Asset Turnover offers managers a measure of how well the firm is utilizing its assets in order to generate sales revenue. An increasing ratio would indicate that the firm is using its assets more efficiently. Starbucks 2008 ratio was 1, slightly lower than the industry median, and their 2007 ratio was 1. This implies that Starbucks hasnt changed the way its using its assets. As this number also indicates pricing strategy and thus suggests that Starbucks has not changed its pricing strategy in the past two years of data. Profitability Starbucks 2008 Industry Median Gross Profit Margin 55.30% 42.16% Net Profit Margin 0.88% 7.67% Gross Profit Margin represents a firms money left over after the cost of goods sold. Gross Profit Margin helps the company pay for future liabilities and future savings. Starbucks earned 10,383 million in revenue for 2008. Their ratio of 55% indicates that they made roughly a little more than 50 cents for every dollar earned after the cost of goods sold was subtracted. Net Profit Margin Ratio depicts how much of every dollar earned a company keeps in earnings. Starbucks is much lower than its industry median. A higher profit margin indicates a more profitable company that  has better control over  its costs compared to  its competitors. As Starbucks markets itself as a luxury brand and charges on average four dollars for a cup of coffee, its no wonder its much lower than its competitors. This number can also indicate that Starbucks operating costs to produce their luxury coffee is increasing in cost. These items include dairy products, coffee beans, cups, syrups etc. Finally Starbucks has a high gross profit compared to a low net profit. This could suggest that Starbucks isnt very good a controlling their expenses. Leverage, Earnings Per Share, Price/Earnings Starbucks 2008 Industry Median Debt to Equity 1.28 1.17 Debt to Assets 0.56 The debt/equity ratio shows how much a firm has borrowed as a percentage of its stock equity. Often, the lower, the better. Starbucks ratio suggests that it is not borrowing heavily against the stock equity compared to its competitors. Debt to assets ratio shows what portion of funds is being provided by creditors. Starbucks ratio shows that they are using very little credit. Price to Earnings Ratio: 127 According to Benjamin Graham, and investment is considered speculative stock when it has a P/E higher than 15, regardless of industry. Warren Buffet currently trades on this rationale. Using this rationale, that would suggest that Starbucks is severely overvalued. If we were to follow Benjamin Grahams theory on speculative stock, Starbucks should be trading at a 1.80 per share. The industry average for P/E is approx 20-25 under current finance ratios. This number fluctuates based on current stock price. Therefore Starbucks range should be from 2.40-3.00 per share. Earnings Per Share-12 Cents (1 Q, 2009) Earnings Per Share shows how many dollars in profit were earned per outstanding shares of the common stock. The current EPS would show that Starbucks business has pulled back considered since 2008s quarterly reports which listed EPS at 43 cents per share. Therefore, based on this information, an investor could make the assumption that Starbucks debt is virtually equal to there income. And given one more or two more quarters of loss, the income would be less than the debt and would set the company up for a loss. This could generate from closed stores, overstock of inventory, and inflation. Strategy Recommendation A generic strategy is a core idea about how a firm can best compete in its current marketplace (Pearce Robinson, 2007). While Starbucks has many different strategies to consider, a generic strategy is currently recommended below given the research found in this report. Recommended Strategy For Starbucks: Differentiation Starbucks can best achieve its long terms strategies by continuing to strive to create and market unique coffee based products to varied customer groups through differentiation. The following direction points will be the basis for the competitive strategy: Rivalry will be reduced with successful differentiation. As Starbucks markets itself as a luxury brand and experience, customers will be less sensitive to prices if Starbucks products are successfully differentiated. Starbucks differentiation and focus strategy pushes customers to brand loyalty which will make it difficult for new entrants to overcome. Starbucks currently exhibits and utilizes both differentiation strategy and the focus strategy. Starbucks has developed a customer loyalty that enables the firm to charge a premium price for its products. Starbucks demographic composition of their consumer base is narrow in direction. Their target consumer is middle to upper class and an educated coffee drinker who prefers quality and customer service over a low-cost price. This suggests that the firm is using a focus strategy anchored in a differentiation base because they attend to the needs of this demographic. Starbucks has differentiated themselves from their competitors by providing an image of the luxury coffee experience and should continue this approach for long term growth and profit. Implementation With regard to implementation, the following outline is recommended. initiate specific functional tactics outsource nonessential functions communicate policies to all partners design effective rewards Starbucks can successfully implement their implementation plan by turning their strategy into action by following the steps below: continue to provide and create new products perceived of higher value to buyers create a new products business unit for streamlined product development introduction analyze current economies of scale to reduce costs continue to develop and motivate there partners as they are there best assets. continue closing of under performing stores as needed increase global presence in prime locations to wash out weakening domestic economy issues Evaluation and Control Starbucks should evaluate these goals quarterly beginning in 2009 to avoid potential losses and provide for ample time for development of contingency controls. Starbucks can measure success by analyzing the following metrics with regard to new strategies and products: Return on Investment Net Profits Partner Feedback-Starbucks values its partners and considers and considers them one of their greatest strengths. Customer Feedback-Continued customer satisfaction is key to the success of the business. Leadership and Ethical Concerns Howard Schultz is a CEO who embraces change and someone who has a strong strategic plan. His vision is currently being announced in his transformation agenda which essential brings Starbucks backs to its roots. It is a simple plan and it is compelling. His ethical standards are directly tied to the culture of the company and at present is not a concern. Starbucks guiding principles found in Appendix A keep the company focus driven on providing high ethical standards across all business operations.

Starbucks Global Strategy :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Starbucks Global Strategy De Wit and Meyer (1998) refer to market tendency towards homogeneous variety and tighter international linkages as globalization. The need for global strategy is outlined by the fact that companies are subject to global forces and consumer demands. As a consequence, firms are faced with a challenge of modifying their existent strategies to gain and sustain their competitive advantage in a rapidly changing environment. A well-designed global strategy can help a firm to gain a competitive advantage, that as identified by Sumantra Ghoshal of INSEAD can arise from Efficiency, Strategy, Risk, Learning and Reputation (Appendix1). Therefore, to create a successful global strategy, managers first must understand the nature of global industries and the dynamics of global competition. I would like to proceed with my analyses of the global market place, with examination the young but already well recognized brand world wide ? Starbucks. In my research I will explore on changes in the product, operations, and strategies at Starbucks influenced by the changes in the global marketplace. Due to word limitation on the essay, please refer to Appendixes for more detailed information. Starbucks Corporation "There is untapped potential to grow our company internationally," Schultz said. Headquarters: Seattle, Washington www.starbucks.com Ownership: Starbucks is publicly traded -- shares are widely held 150 million shares have been authorized, of which 59.6% are on the market. History: Howard Schultz, 42, is the founder of the Company and has been chairman of the board and chief executive officer since its start in 1987. The Company originated with eleven Seattle stores and less than one hundred employees. Since them the company has grown to a half billion-dollar company serving millions of cups of coffee per week in one thousand stores throughout the country, and in 17 countries internationally. Schultz believes his company will succeed well into the twenty-first century. He states, "One of the things that you can't measure on a balance sheet or on a financial statement is the soul of Starbucks." The Company holds approximately 39 federal trademark registrations in the United States. They have approximately 44 additional applications pending in the U.S. The Company currently owns one patent in the U.S. for its coffee on tap system and has several patent applications pending. Starbucks prides itself on being a "good citizen" locally and in the various coffee producing countries. They make significant contributions to local charities that focus on children, the environment, the homeless, and AIDS research/support.

Commercially Available Testing Tools

Once an application has been developed, the developers must demonstrate that it performs the tasks for which it was designed accurately, reliably and with adequate performance. For this to be fulfilled extensive testing must be carried out and tools have been built to assist with this process. Developers have built different types of tool for addressing different aspects of the same general problem. The importance of proper testing to detect as many errors as feasibly possible has been driven by the increase of malicious or criminal intent on the part of developers that produce applications with functions that facilitate fraud or other criminal activity (an especial risk to the financial industry). This problem has been addressed by European Community Legislation, increasing the onus on software developers to show that they took all reasonable steps to ensure an application was free of defects and suitable for the purpose for which it was developed. Failure to do so could leave the developer liable to be sued by anyone have has incurred a loss in any business as a result of software collapse. The main types of tool that have resulted as a partial result of this are described below. There are a large number of testing tools that are available, but they all work in very different ways. The main types of testing categories are described below. Tools that analyse source code without executing test cases, but in deriving test cases for the software to be tested. There are three different types used in industry that are described below: Code based testing tools accept source code as input and perform a number of analyses that result in the generation of test cases. This type of automated tool can broken down in to four further categories. The first are Code analysers that evaluate test modules automatically for proper syntax; statements are then highlighted where the syntax is wrong, if construction is error prone or if an item is undefined. The second category is Structure checkers where modules are submitted as input and a graph generated, depicting the hierarchy of modules and tools check for structural flaws, for example, determining the location of loops and branches and how they are used within the system. The third type are Data analysers which review data structures, data declarations and module interfaces, and notes improper linkage between modules, conflicting data definitions and illegal data usage. The final type are Sequence checkers where sequences of events are checked and marked if coded in wrong sequence. Specialised testing languages enable a software engineer to write detailed test specifications that describe each test case and the logistics for its execution. An example of one of these languages is Prolog, that is specifically used for test case generation. Requirements based testing tools isolate specific user requirements and suggest test cases (or classes of tests) that will exercise the requirements. Tools that analyse source code during execution of test cases by interacting with a program as it is executing and checking the path coverage, test assertions about the value of specific variables and otherwise instrumenting the execution flow of the program. They can be either intrusive or non-intrusive. An intrusive tool changes the software to be tested by inserting extra instructions or ‘probes† that perform the activities mentioned above. A non-intrusive tool uses a separate hardware processor that runs in parallel with the processor containing the program that is being tested. Systems can be difficult to test because several parallel operations are being carried out concurrently, which is especially true for real-time systems. Therefore it is difficult to anticipate the conditions and generate representative test conditions. However, dynamic test tools can capture a state of events during the execution of a program and so are often called program monitors, because they watch and report the behaviour of the program. The functions of the monitor are to list the number of times a submodule is called or a line of code is executed. These statistics tell testers if the test cases have statement coverage. Another function is to report on whether a decision point has branched in all directions, providing information about branch coverage. System performance information is also provided, including statistics about particular variables e. g. their first value, last value, minimum and maximum values. Breakpoints can be defined for the system, so when a variable attains or exceeds a specific value, the test tool reports the occurrence. Some tools will stop when breakpoints are reached so that the tester can examine the contents of memory or specific data items, as it is possible to change values as the test progresses. Any information captured during the test can be used to provide information about control flow. Another automated tool, analysers, are similar to monitors, except that they can also evaluate captured data to prescribed criteria. A test coverage analyser records the number of each statement executed during a test step and notifies us if certain routines or statements are not executed. A timing analyser works with predefined areas or memory or code and tracks the amount of time spent in each area as system functions are performed. This type of tracking can be useful during performance testing when timing requirements are checked. Tools that simulate functions of hardware or other externals by presenting to a system all characteristics of a system or device without actually having the system/device available. This is particularly useful if another company is developing part of a system; this part can be simulated to allow you to test your own part. The simulator can sometimes be more useful than the device itself as all data regarding the devices' state throughout the test can be stored, aiding in error location. Simulators also help with stress and volume testing, since it can be programmed to load the system with substantial amounts of data, requests or users. Generally, simulators give control over the test conditions, allowing you to perform tests that may otherwise be dangerous or impossible. Test management tools are used to control and co-ordinate testing for each of the major testing steps. Tools in this category manage and co-ordinate regression testing, perform comparisons that ascertain differences between actual and expected output and conduct batch testing of programs with interactive human-computer interfaces. In addition to the functions noted above, many test management tools also serve as generic test drivers. A test driver reads one or more test cases from a testing file, formats the test data to conform to the needs of the software under test, and then invokes the software to be tested. The C/S environment demands specialised testing tools that exercise the graphical user interface and the network communications requirements for client and server. This category can be sub-divided into the following functions: Reverse engineering to specification tools which take source code as input and generate graphical structured analysis and design models, ‘where-used' lists and other design information. Code restructuring and analysis tools that analyse program syntax, generate a control flow graph and automatically generate a structured program. On-line system reengineering tools which are used to modify on-line database systems. Many of the above tools are limited to specific programming languages, although most major languages are addressed and require some degree of interaction with the software engineer. Next generation reverse and forward engineering tools will make much stronger use of artificial intelligence techniques, applying a knowledge base that is application domain specific, i. e. a set of decomposition rules that would apply to all programs in a particular application area. The AI component will assist in system decomposition and reconstruction, but will still require interaction with a software engineer throughout the reengineering cycle. Several testing aids can be combined into one automated tool; a test harness is a monitoring system that tracks test input data, passes it to the program or system being tested and records the resulting output. A test harness can also compare actual with expected output and report any discrepancies. Most test harness tools are environment specific by the nature of the process. Test data set generators can generate test data sets derived from the requirements modelling process. Used in conjunction with test harnesses they will provide a formal documented test environment. In most cases a combination of the above tools will improve chances that a delivered application performs the tasks expected correctly and reliably. All testing tools generate large amounts of information about an applications structure. This information must be interpreted and used to detect and rectify subtle logic and structure error. There is a large amount of interest in producing automated support for this interpretation process; to pinpoint possible problem areas and suggest further lines of investigation. With the exception of Interpreters, that are still in development, the above categories of testing tools are available commercially. There are a large number of products available produced by many different companies, so two case studies have been selected to give an impression of the testing tools commercially available. Where possible, the category of testing tools as described above that each product fits into has been added in brackets after the product name. The current products available from this French company are aimed at user interface testing and there are three product lines. The first, UniTest, is designed to perform unit testing of embedded systems. It can develop test scripts that can run on native, simulator, emulator or target platforms. ATTOL's second product, SystemTest, automates the production and exploitation of integration and validation tests for systems. Both of these two products can be integrated with ATTOL's final product, Coverage (test coverage analyser), which is a code coverage tool that is designed to obtain the level of code coverage during the unit or integration testing. TestStudio is one of four products that make up the software development product, Rational Suite. The TestStudio product is itself made up of other Rational Products. Rational Robot provides thorough testing of an entire application, Rational TestFactory automatically detects run-time errors without user assistance and generates optimal scripts for regression testing. Rational Purify locates hard-to-find run-time errors that cause program crashes. Rational Quantify pinpoints performance ‘bottlenecks' in applications and Rational PureCoverage (test coverage analyser) identifies untested code and provides code-coverage analysis. The nature of many products available is that they perform testing to meet user requirements. To do this they are often a combination of several types of testing tool, which makes it difficult to identify specific categories of testing. However, many of the products available did require the system or application being tested to actually be run, whether on a simulator or real-time, suggesting dynamic testing is used more than static testing. There are however, a huge range of testing tools commercially available, combining many different testing methods.

Analysis and Review of the Decisions made in the Simulation of the Lenity Hospital for Advanced Care (LHAC)

Analysis and Review of the Decisions made in the Simulation of the Lenity Hospital for Advanced Care (LHAC) Introduction Organizations in the society exist in an environment that requires comparison with other similar organizations for improvement purposes. Depending on the objectives of an organization, performance benchmarking has proved to be an effective way of ensuring that they maintain a competitive advantage in the industry.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Analysis and Review of the Decisions made in the Simulation of the Lenity Hospital for Advanced Care (LHAC) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The health sector is not an exception. Through simulation, performance benchmarking is done to ensure that health organizations maintain quality service, the safety of the patients, staff and other people in the sector while fulfilling the standards of the regulators. The health sector is faced with various issues that require to be addressed. The online simulation process in the health sector is crucial in the trai ning of personnel, making their decision making process easier and ensuring the safety of the patients while making use of innovations in this case. This paper addresses the decisions made in the online simulation of Lenity Hospital for Advanced Care. Summary of the Simulation The simulation carried out on Lenity Hospital for Advanced Care was to address the increases in the nosocomial infections. These infections are a threat to the hospital due to its role in ensuring the safety of the patients and other personnel and people involved in the process (Jarvis, 2008). The increases proved to be unsustainable from a liability perspective since the personnel and other resources were concentrating more on them yet they originated from the hospital practices. The costs involved in their treatment and management proved to be inefficient. The infections also proved unsustainable from a quality perspective since LHAC was questioned on its quality maintenance and assurance in the process. Thi s was done through performance benchmarking to identify the root causes of the problem, the establishment of airway recommendations and identification of process improvement strategies. The simulation identified the root causes as the equipment practices that were rather inefficient in the hospital and offered recommendations based on effective sanitation and the incorporation of the functional strategy to the business strategy. Analysis of the Decisions Made in the Simulation This section addresses the decisions made from the simulation classified as the root cause, the airway recommendations established, the benchmarking partnership and the process improvement strategies.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Identification of the root cause The Lenity Hospital for Advanced Care (LHAC) has experienced increases in the rates of nosocomial infections. Nosocomial in fections as Jarvis (2008) assert comes as a result of transmission of an infectious disease which could be contagious or caused by a pathogenic organism. The types of these nosocomial infections range from surgical related infections, central nervous system infections, skin infections, blood stream infections, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections which all are facilitated by the conditions and practices at the hospital facilities (Health Grades Inc, 2010). The process of addressing nosocomial infections is critical due to the diagnosis that is sensitive and the fact that some of them turn out to be drug resistant. The identification of the root cause of the infections was the most prudent way of addressing the issue to avoid recurrences and reduce costs in management. The simulation on Lenity Hospital for Advanced Care (LHAC) identified the root cause of the nosocomial infections increase as the equipment practices in the hospital that we re inefficient. This cause was motivated by the exposures to diseases and environmental pollutants in the hospital (Health Grades Inc, 2010). The inefficient use of facilities was related to lack of homogeneity in the use of equipment in the various departments, sharing of the equipments among departments, poor sanitation of the equipment, the fact that the equipment was not enough while personal responsibility and proper use of the equipment was limited. The infections thus spread even as the number of patients in the departments increased. The infections were further encouraged by lack of coordination of equipment use. For example, two or more different departments could be using the same equipment in their diagnosis of conditions, which could lead to the easier transmission between patients due to exposure to contaminants. The hospital also lacked tracking systems to monitor the use and care of equipment (Thornton, De Rosa Craven, 2002). In addressing the root cause of the probl em of nosocomial infections, personally, I could include more monitoring systems and checks of the environmental pollutants and training process of personnel to be able to identify whether their lack of experience with the equipment caused them to be unable to use them or whether it was out of negligence and ignorance and provide the necessary recommendations accordingly. Establishment of Airway The identification of the root cause of the nosocomial infections being inefficient handling of equipment at Lenity Hospital, there was a need to offer recommendations that would seek to ensure proper management of the equipment and an environment of safety and caution.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Analysis and Review of the Decisions made in the Simulation of the Lenity Hospital for Advanced Care (LHAC) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The recommendations offered were on the basis of the risks they posed through contamination to patients, staff and visitors at the hospital. They were also based on the regulations requirements for health safety in the health sector as a way of improving the health care and quality health (Moller Sonntag, 1998). The recommendations offered include the effective training of personnel on the use of the equipment and increasing their awareness of the nosocomial infections (Lack, 1996). This recommendation is necessary since the equipment in the health care facilities do require knowledge in the use and maintenance. The skills on the use of the equipment would make the personnel aware of their contributions in nosocomial infections and provide ways of minimizing them. Another recommendation was the use of a tracking system. This system would serve to ensure the sanitation of the equipment. The sanitation would be necessary to ensure safety through avoidance of sharing of equipment that poses a high risk of infection (Cohen, 2006). Additionally, the system would require accountability of inventory. It is also recommendable that Lenity hospital ensures the availability of equipment and distribution through out the departments and also ensures reliability where the equipment would be available when needed to avoid the use of other equipment that would increase the risk of infection. Further, the equipment that is very risky would require being disposable to avoid contamination through reuse due to the sensitivity of the equipment (Moller Sonntag, 1998). For example the equipment dealing with the injections blood and so on. The outcome of the recommendation was impressive. Lenity management set up a tracking system for the sanitation of the equipment. They additionally, instituted inventory controls with the employment of inventory clerks. The clerks have the mandate of ensuring that the inventory bought meets the safety requirements and minimizes the risk of infections as much as possible. They also have the responsibility of ensuring that the equipment is supplied in the hospital in due time and track the stock levels to ensure that the equipment is bought in time. The hospital management also sought on reducing infection through the use of disposable equipment and the maintenance of a sterilizing department to oversee the safety after the cleaning of equipment before reuse.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In doing of the simulation for another time, I could have followed the steps and measures I took in this current one since it was conclusive and the recommendations proved feasible and would not only ensure safety and reduce nosocomial infections, but would also improve the reputation of LHAC and reduce the costs of operation (Zulch Rinn, 1999). Benchmarking Partner The benchmarking partner chosen for this simulation was the information services department of the Lenity Hospital for Advanced Care. This was based on the reason that this was part of the LHAC and so would provide internal information regarding the safety. Additionally, the department would offer statistics to base the simulation on and provide the resources of the best practice in the sector (Cohen, 2006). The department proved reliable in providing the information needed on the safety levels, use of the equipment, data on nosocomial infections as well as the comparisons with the industry since LHAC covers a great sha re of market in the health sector. In doing the simulation again, I would incorporate the safety department to assess the levels of safety and comparisons with the safety expectations of the health sector. Process Improvement Strategies The functional strategy was chosen to be incorporated in the overall business strategy since the strategy is feasible and applicable in the reference area of ensuring the management of equipment. This strategy emphasizes resource productivity and uses specialized work force (Thornton et al., 2002). This is recommendable to ensure that the use of equipments at Lenity Hospital is by specialized people to avoid misuse and increase the sensitivity to safety. It was observed that there is need to incorporate the functional strategy to the overall business strategy (Jarillo, 1993). This would be by emphasizing the need for safety and proper management of equipment in every department and the endeavor to reduce the nosocomial infections from a departmental basis. Summary and Conclusion The simulation carried out on Lenity Hospital for Advanced Care revealed the root cause of the increasing nosocomial infections as the inefficient equipment practices. This scenario is common not to LHAC only, but in major health care facilities. The inefficient equipment practices are attributable to the strategies of safety and management, lack of awareness in the use of the equipment or lack of personal responsibility. The simulation recognized the need to address the nosocomial infections as a way of reducing the costs involved in the treatment and management, the improvement of the reputation of LHAC and the fulfillment of the industry safety and legal requirements. The recommendations provided were the establishment of a tracking system, effective training of personnel and the increase in sanitation practices. The benchmark partner used for the simulation was the information services department of Lenity Hospital while the functional strategy was emphasized with the need to ensure that the overall business strategy acts as the guide in this. The simulation was effectively done without the need for major changes in the approach although the benchmark partner would further incorporate the safety department of Lenity Hospital. Reference List Cohen, S. (2006). Virtual Decisions. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publications. Health Grades Inc. (2010). Nosocomial Infections. Web. Jarillo, C. (1993). Strategic Networks: Creating Borderless Organizations. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Jarvis, W. (2008). Bennett Brachmans Hospital Infections. London: A C Black Publishers Limited. Lack, R. (1996). Essentials of Health and Safety Management. New York: CRC Press. Moller, J., Sonntag, H. (1998). Systematic analysis and controlling of health care organizations lead to numerical health care improvements. Health Manpower Management, 24(5), 178-182. Thornton, D., De Rosa, F., Craven, D. (2002). Nosocomial pneumonia: emerging con cepts in diagnosis, management, and prophylaxis. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 8(5), 421-429. Zulch, G., Rinn, A. (1999). Simulation based performance analysis and benchmarking. International Journal of Business Performance Management, 1(2), 200-218.

The Imperialist essays

The Imperialist essays In Sara Jeanette Duncans novel The Imperialist, she introduces to the reader a character by the name of Alfred Hesketh. The introduction of this character comes during the Elgin delegation visit to England. He becomes fast friends with Lorne Murchison. It is Duncans purpose to further develop the ides of an international theme with his presence. Hesketh represents, in the beginning, the ideas and beliefs of England. Although he has these beginnings, we soon find out that he is more like a blank slate then a book of information. Upon his arrival to Elgin, Canada we see that his thoughts and beliefs are easily transformed, in part by Lorne himself. Duncan finds Heskeths character to be a sturdy one, with some holes but none the less his contributions to Canadian politics seems to be important, albeit a small one. Alfred Hesketh is a young man, only one year older then Lorne Murchison. Lorne had never met anyone quite like him. Hesketh was in a unique condition. He comes from a wealthy family, though he has no money of his own. He is smart, with a good public ad university education behind him. Although he wasnt as bright as some of his classmates he knew that there was more out there in the world for him then simply loafing around. (133) It seemed as though Mr. Hesketh was searching for something. He had not enough money for politic and not enough interest for pubic service. (133) With such freshness and curiosity about him, he had the temperament and situation to be easily moulded. He had an open mind though, to politics both of the new country and of England and he listened intently to what Lorne had to say on the subject of imperialism. Eventually he confessed to Lorne that he had brought him round to the Imperialist view. (136) Unfortunately for Lorne, he seemed to have over estimated Heskeths similarity in his own views. Lorne naturally assumed that because Alfred was entertaining ...

Defining Public Private Partnership Social Policy Essays

Defining Public Private Partnership Social Policy Essays Defining Public Private Partnership Social Policy Essay Defining Public Private Partnership Social Policy Essay The term public private partnership is a relationships between public and private sectors in the proviso of substructure and other services. Other footings used for this type of activity include private sector engagement ( PSP ) and denationalization. Public private partnership is a leasing agreement, a private company or a group of companies undertake to finance and construct an plus, and in some instances run the assets and supply a service associated with it, in exchange of one-year fee under a contractual understanding. These agreements are applied to assortment of assets including building of roads, edifice schools, infirmaries and besides supplying these services to the populace. At the terminal of the contractual period these assets are transformed to the authorities. A strong public private partnership allocates and reassign hazard between public and private entities. The public spouses in a public private partnership are authorities bureaus, including ministries, sections, municipalities, or state-owned endeavors. The private spouses may be local or international and concern investors holding proficient and fiscal expertness. Increasingly, public private partnership may besides include Nongovernment organisations ( NGOs ) and community based organisations ( CBOs ) who represent stakeholders straight affected by the undertaking. There are three stages of public private partnership. The Financing agreement The building stage The proviso of service by maintaining plus The three elements of ppp trades solved three jobs for the authorities. The Financing agreement postponed payment to future old ages. The building component based on a specification and public presentation contract, removed the job of the direction of capital undertakings from the populace sector. The on-going contracts transfer the job of running the plus to the company that provided them. The private finance enterprise was introduced in the Autumn statement in1992when Norman Lamont was Chancellor of the Exchequer of the treasury. Basically the thought was that alternatively of borrowing money for capital outgo the authorities must contract with private sector house to supply the service associated with a capital plus to pay a fee for them. The advantage for the authorities is that they would non hold to borrow the money and the capital disbursement is non considered as public outgo therefore maintaining borrowing and passing low in the twelvemonth in which the trade is enacted. MODELS OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP There are different signifiers of public private partnership that are widely used in a context to set up contracts. Following are the theoretical accounts of public private partnership. Service CONTRACTS Service contract is an agreement between public and private sector to transport out short term operational demands. It is a signifier of public private partnership in which private party operates, procure and keep an plus, while the direction and investing duty remain with the authorities or the public sector that bears the fiscal hazard. This contract is peculiarly for 1-3 old ages and public authorization delegate some activities to the private sector to run. Under service contract the private spouse receive fee for executing service from the authorities may be unit cost or one clip fee, hence he can increase net income border by cut downing runing cost. STRENGTH OF SERVICE CONTRACT Service contract provides normally a low hazard option for the private spouse, and the service to be performed is clearly defined in the contract. Service contract are for short term and has significant impact on the operation and efficiency of the system. It offers low barriers to entry that consequences in increased competition. WEAKNESS OF THE SERVICE CONTRACT If the aim of the contract is to pull capital investing so service contract is non suited, this contract may increase efficiency but the contractor is non bound and under duty to supply funding. The efficiency and effectivity of the contractor may be compromised if other funding beginnings like authorities and givers do non happen. MANAGEMENT CONTRACT It is a signifier of contract in which some or all of the operations and direction of the sector is handed over to the private sector, really the ultimate proviso of service remains with public sector but twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operations and direction authorization is transferred to the private sector. the private spouse in most instances provide working capital but non supply farther investing. The public sector is responsible for investing and distinct maps and public presentation to be achieved by the private sector is predetermined in the contract. The illustrations include public-service corporation services, port governments and hospital direction etc. STRENGTH OF THE CONTRACT The major advantage of the contract is that efficiency can be achieved by affecting private sector without reassigning the ownership of plus. This contract is of low cost and requires fewer staff from private sector to execute an duty like public-service corporation services. WEAKNESS OF THE CONTRACT The chief hazard involved in the direction contract is that I may non supply extended authorization over labour force which is profoundly required in the positive alteration. The difference between the service and direction is slippery one. LEASING Contract Under renting contract the private spouse provide the service at his or her ain hazard and is responsible for supplying service under duty. The plus is retained with the private proprietor and at the terminal of the contractual period the plus is handed over to the original proprietor. The continuance of the contract is typically for 10-20 old ages. The duty of service proviso is transferred from public operator to the private operator and is responsible for the fiscal hazard of operation and care. STENGTH OF THE CONTRACT The net income of the private operator chiefly depends upon the sale and cost of public-service corporation. This contract provide an inducement for the private spouse to accomplish high degree of efficiency an sale of public-service corporation. The chief advantage for the populace sector is that the hazard of direction is transferred to the private proprietor. The private spouse does non supply investing but pay fee for the usage of plus. WEAKNESSES OF THE CONTRACT As the contract allows to bring forth gross from client payments here the inquiry of duty degree becomes sensitive. As the capital investing in the plus is the duty of the authorities so no private investing is mobilized. Concession It is a contract in which all the hazard of operation, direction, care and investing even the rhenium structuring is transferred to the private operator. The public presentation criterions are set by public spouses and guarantee that the private operator should run into these criterions. The public sector beside supplying service play the function by puting monetary values every bit good. The concessioner to bring forth gross roll up duty straight from the system users and the standards and regulations of the game are set by the authorities. The private spouse is responsible for the capital investing in the plus to construction and upgrade the plus, sometimes authorities besides supply aid in the investing of the plus to supply aid to the private operator. Concession contracts are typically for 25-30 old ages that provides a long clip period for the operator to retrieve the capital invested. STRENGTH OF THE CONTRACT For the public spouse or authorities the grant is of import in a sense that provide aid to pull private spouses to supply fund for the building of edifice or roads in the bing installations. Main advantage to the private operator is that he can accomplish high net income against the investing by accomplishing efficiency. WEAKNES OF THE CONTRACT The chief drawback is to specify the activities and duties of the private spouse in the contract. As the contracts are long term it creates trouble in command procedure. There is besides possibility that the private proprietor may put in the plus that have payback prevarications within the contractual period. Political hurdlings may besides impact the contract due to its long term nature. As the grant necessitate immense investing there are limited figure of rivals and operators for major substructure. Health SECTOR IN PAKISTAN Introduction Pakistan is confronting serious jobs in the wellness sector from the birth. The underdeveloped states are confronting terrible wellness jobs due to hapless public presentation of the authorities. Since 1947 three chief forces the armed forces, the politicians and the civil service are ruling the province. There remain the war for power and achieving domination. Donors have besides important function in the constitution and running of different sectors. After the war on panic Pakistan proved to b more of import for the remainder of the provinces and givers. Outside resources used for the state s wellness sector have reached to 3 of the entire outgos in the wellness sector. Government is responsible for the proviso of wellness attention installations because single market forces ca nt supply these services entirely on an just mode. As the fundamental laws are framed by the authorities therefore they are bound by the Acts of the Apostless to supply these services every bit to all. Furthermore the authoritiess have to take certain steps to command diseases and wellness attention activities in the province. Constitution of infirmaries, proviso of staff and medical specialties is the premier duty of the authorities of the province. Poor authorities determinations and high grade of corruptness, inefficiency and hapless control over the resources has lead to terrible epidemic status of wellness sector. For many old ages over75 per centum of wellness services are provided by private sectors. The provinces bringing of services is in crises in Pakistan, there coverage is in adequate and quality is non harmonizing to the criterion. An overview of the state s public presentation shows that as more than Rs.160 billion have been invested in the societal sector through different programmes but the status still ranks below the states of the universe. Major PROBLEMS OF THE HEALTH SECTOR REGULATORY ISSUES Inappropriate wellness activities in the state has increased the job for the population.pharmaceuticals companies working in the province are illegal.40 to 50 per centum of medical specialties produced in the province are forged. The weak authorities ordinances and hapless control over the pharmaceutical companies has lead to many abnormalities. The ultimate affect of these abnormalities proved in the signifier of bad medical specialties and the decease of the populace. Corruptness Corruptness remains the greatest chellange for the administration and there is a common perceptual experience that the corruptness is at extremum in the wellness sector. The most outstanding illustration of corruptness in Pakistan is noted through absenteeism of wellness forces and physicians. A really big figure of physicians are having wages but they are non executing their responsibilities in a right mode. They remain available in their private clinics but the authorities infirmaries remain empty. The other signifier of corruptness is through bear downing high fees from the patients, even medical specialty is supplied by the authorities, infirmaries belong to authorities but they even charge fees every bit good. Corruptness is besides common when the contracts are given to the contractors for the purchase of equipment and medical specialties for the authorities infirmaries. With the consent of high functionaries the contractors by low quality equipments and even expired and forged medical specialty for the infirmary that lacks behind the utile life. The drugs and medical specialties are stolen from the shop and sold in the private market ensuing in a deficit of medical specialty in the public facilitation infirmaries. The procedure of licencing pharmacies is backed by payoff. In fact every sector and through the hierarchy about every one is involved in one and another manner in corruptness. RULE OF Law Rules of society are really low in Pakistan.these jobs are due to hapless contract public presentation and hapless judicial system and due to ill equipt public presentation agents. Pakistan has a really weak system to turn to medical carelessness that finally affects consumers. There are no equal policies available for the protection of hapless patients. In the developed states the patients can action the physicians and medical practicians in here carelessness but in Pakistan people due to hapless background and attack ca nt take even their right to be medicated. These in adequate Torahs have affects on the consumers. INAPPROPROATE GOVERNMENT HEALTH SERVICES Government is a symbol of rightness and is responsible for the preparation, execution and rating of quality societal and wellness programmes. The major job in Pakistan remained the proviso of hapless quality of wellness direction and services. The choice criterion of authorities infirmaries is really hapless in Pakistan that encouraged the private sector to come frontward and take the charge.70 per centum of the users are non satisfied with the medical specialties and even the staff of the infirmary. Undertaking planning is the sphere of the planning committee and the ministries are responsible to rent different programmes for the development of the wellness sector and the territory authoritiess have to set about the waies of the provincial section and implement the programs. CASE STUDY REGARDING THE REFORMS IN THE HEALTH CARE An effort was made for doing reforms in the wellness attention though a private enterprise in a little town LODHRAN in the Punjab state, after recognizing the fact that the authorities sponsored wellness attention system can non carry through the demands of the populace and the experiment was made in 1999 to re engineer the procedure for primary wellness attention ( PHC ) . This reform was initiated in coaction with a public sector NGO, National Rural Support Programme ( NRSP ) that run three BHU s on behalf of District Administration. This experiment was although on little footing but proved successful. However the success of the plan compeled the provincial authorities to take and originate the plan as the Chief Ministers Initiative on Primary Health attention ( CMIPHC ) . District Rahim Yar Khan was chosen as a pilot territory for the undertaking, whose Nazim Mayor extended political every bit good as administrative support for the plan. Footings of partnership was signed between the territory authorities and PRSP for five old ages period on 15th April 2003. On subscribing the contract PRSP was given a complete fiscal every bit good as administrative authorization of 104 BHU s in the territory. The PRSP has to run these BHU s under the bing budget restraint. One physician posted to each bunch. If he was oversing 3 BHU s so was paid Rs.30,000/ in instance of oversing 2 BHU s he received Rs.24,000/ per month. This salary bundle was higher than that paid by the provincial authorities. The physician was besides allowed to have Rs.100000/ loan to purchase a vehicle for himself, and was allotted residential installation in the distant country where there was a job of abode. The physician was merely responsible for the overall care and record of BHU s under his/her supervising. PRSP has addressed the job of absenteeism of female medical officers in the rural countries successfully. Due to some societal restraints females in the rural countries were hesitating to confer with male physicians so the presence of female medical officer was indispensable to salvage female parent and kid. In the same manner no female officer was willing to work in a distant country so many attractive bundles were offered to them to decide this job. She was paid up to Rs.37000/ per month and can have an involvement free loan of Rs.150,000/ for the purchase of a auto. Although the Lodhran theoretical account was home adult theoretical account of wellness attention due to its efficiency and important impact it was implemented on a big graduated table to supply wellness attention installations to more than 25 million people. AFFECTS OF THE MODEL This undertaking reduced absenteeism up to negligible extant. Efficient wellness attention installations were available on a big graduated table even in rural countries. De centralisation in direction reduced the affect of corruptness at the upper degree. BHU ; s in the rural countries become functional that were closed due to absence of physicians. As the undertaking was once more handed over to the territory authorities and with in a twelvemonth the BHU retained the old place and the consequences were black. This diagram shows the affect of palatopharyngoplasty on wellness sector that how the figure of visits went up in the infirmaries when organized by PRSP and in the same manner went down when handed over to the authorities. HOW TO DEAL WITH POOR HEALTH SECTOR OF PAKISTAN It is apparent that public private partnership is the indispensable manner to get by with any hapless on the job section or sector. However the authorities should take certain necessary stairss to supply efficient wellness installations to the populace at their stairss. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE HEALTH SECTOR Private sectors move frontward because of authorities in efficiency to run any sector decently, still in wellness attention public private partnership is ill developed. The authorities should promote the function of givers and civil society to the wellness attention. Private partnerships should be made to convey efficiency and transparence in the wellness attention. Private houses should affect to run the system and to supply wellness attention installations to all sectors of the province and hapless populace on an just footing. INTRODUCE TRANSPARENCY Corruptness is a root cause of the jobs of wellness attention and the bing state of affairs of the wellness sector. The whole sector is under the control of corrupt supervisors, there is a desperate demand to convey transparence and to put up a system through proper planning and execution of procedure. Transparency can besides be achieved through reforms in the wellness sector. Government may implement reforms and may present private spouse to take over the duty of keeping and runing the wellness sector. CREATE CHECK AND BALANCE IN THE HEALTH SECTOR Efficiency can besides be achieved through making proper cheque and balance system in the wellness attention, by back uping to the wellness commissions and communities. Measures must be taken to develop community engagement. Weak cheque and balance in any sector can impact the efficieny of that sector and contribute to the down autumn more efficaciously.

DISCUSSION BOARD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Life Ambition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life Ambition - Essay Example And in the beginning I found being a scout very tough. It wasn't easy, trying to remember so many knots or then trying to figure out whether the star in the horizon was the North Star or some other star. Eventually, I started getting used to it and very soon started enjoying it. But scouting wasn't only about fun and games though; I learnt a lot of new and interesting things. I also leant many things that are not thought in books. I learnt about duty, about honor and how to serve others. It also taught us how to model our lives according to great people, people like Nelson Mandela who overcame the odds and made a difference. I didn't have to look far for such a role model; I just had to look at my family. For me one of the best role models I have is my dad. In some ways I always wanted to be like my dad. He was one of the first people in our family to get a college degree. No one thought he could, and most of them said what's the point of studying so much But he didn't listen, he still went, studied a lot and finally got a college degree. Now whenever they meet him, they look up to him. Here was someone who had overcome all the odds and did something. This is why dad would always tell me how important education was. Right from the first day I joined school he always told me how important it was is in life. How it wasn't just about how to learn to read and write, everyone could do that he said.

How does the Bible describe sin ( Hamartiology) Essay

How does the Bible describe sin ( Hamartiology) - Essay Example In this paper the author analyses a part of systematic theology, Hamartiology, as the official ‘Doctrine of Sin’ and tends to explicate the meaning, denotation and consequences of sin. Hamartiology has been a controversial subject amongst experts, some believe in the original sin point of view which was given to us by Apostle Paul, whereas some such argue that humans were either not at all affected by the fall of man, another segment of Hamartiology also discusses that whether humans were or were not affected by the fall of man is irrelevant, but the human race is sinful by nature because of the devil. Except for the concept of original sin, the Hamartiology section in theology also deals with other types of sin, and exactly describes what God actually means when he mentions sin in the great book. Numerous excerpts from the testaments have been taken to express the Bible’s outlook towards sin, which in abstract point towards two meanings; the first being transgres sion and the second to miss or overlook the mark. Within this essay sin, its origination, and its nature have also been discussed thoroughly. A major section of Hamartiology deals with the comprehension of ‘original sin’, which states that, us humans being descendants of Adam and Eve are not what God actually crafted as most Christians believe. Within the bible, numerous words are used which are synonymic to sin, some of the terms are unrighteousness, transgression, against the will of god, defiling god, non-belief in god, and of course trespassing.

Global Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Global Business - Essay Example Therefore, an American multinational corporation (MNC) finds itself in a situation whereby its research teams have to translate their strategies to match the Chinese language and culture. The businesses venturing into China have to define strategies for overcoming the communication barrier. For example, MNCs find difficulties in establishing relations with the Chinese since it is a Western culture to shake hands and engage on persuasive and lengthy speeches whereas their Chinese counterparts rarely shake hands in greetings, and they approve business deals by observing the identified merits. Moreover, expanding into China requires a business to learn the value of relationships with stakeholders. In Chinese culture, businesses establish strong relationships with stakeholders, an aspect that receives minimal significance in the west. According to the Chinese society, stakeholders pursue belongingness, and would resent those organizations that fail to honor their presence and involvement. Business relationships in the Chinese context are deeper than the rapport established between businesses and clients in the western context. Therefore, this can pose a challenge for new businesses that seek to expand into this region because they have to earn the art of establishing business relationships that can measure up to the level expected in Asia (Wong, 2008). This means gaining a better understanding of business partners away from the formal settings in informal settings such as dinner parties. This translates to the fact that the sealing of business deals takes longer in china b ecause a business must invest more time in creating proper acquaintance with partners. Organizations should adapt to the change in favor of the Chinese market and this would contribute to profitable returns (Jiang &Stening, 2006). Asians also honor different occasions and may use different colors to represent them. For instance, the Chinese use the red color to

International business class (Discussion Board) Assignment - 5

International business class (Discussion Board) - Assignment Example es-spatial proximity of upstream and downstream industries enhances the sharing of information and this enables a continuous sharing of ideas and innovation, which can create competitive bias in a certain type of industry. Factor conditions- against the traditional thought, he argued that key factor of production are created and not inherited. The key factors are skilled labour, capita and infrastructure. These are the ones that can create a competitive advantage. He referred to those factors as the â€Å"diamond of national advantage†, by implication he asserted that it is the inter-linkage of these factors that would actually precede the attainment of the competitive advantage. Further, he pointed out that government policy and the chance of event had a role to play in the inter-linkage and hence a national competitive advantage factor. Texas cotton farmers have in recent years been facing stiff competition from other overseas farmers, particularly China and India. The provision of subsidy-government policy, a factor that affects the inter-linkage of other factors may have tilted productions in favour of the Asian giants. However, demand conditions in the American market for cotton products, new business strategies being employed and the existence of a system of powerful infrastructural development in the region might tilt the scale in their favor. The four advanced factors that Porter writes about are Demand Conditions, Related and Supporting Industries, Factor Conditions, and Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry. Texas cotton farmers were able to use Porters Diamond model to redefine their business strategy in order to remain competitive. One of the ways they did this was to upgrade on their machines and technologies. This propelled them into the new millennium and provided support for them to remain competitive in the national and global market. This helped them build up the industry into a new more effective and efficient operation. So national brands

Children and the holocaust Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Children and the holocaust - Research Paper Example The urge of the German leader, Adolf Hitler, to control the Semites and to trim their generation underpins the great commitment of his government to reduce the population of Jewish children. As children were perceived as the propagative generations, they were a priority target at a time when the Germans felt that Jews were traitors and did not deserve to exist in the country. From this perspective, the Holocaust was a period suffering for Children, which had both immediate effects and negative consequences long after the war. Prior to the Second World War, the German government had sent a number of signs that Jews would be the next victim of terror under the autocratic leadership of Hitler. The Germany government expressed high level of dissatisfaction with the Jews, who were perceived as traitors during the period of the war. While there was an expectation that the Jews would have fallen victim of Hitler power abuse, it was not anticipated that such a negative ordeal would befall children as it dawned as soon as the war began. Statistics indicate that over 1.5 million children were killed during the holocaust, of which 1.2 million were from the Jewish community (Sterling 212). The rest comprised of the Gypsy and German children who were perceived to have mental defects. The German government targeted children as one of the ways of punishing the Jews. Besides, the government had a motive to shun the popularity of Jews that was growing as a result of their population increase. Since children represented t he continuity of the Jewish generation, they were the main target to control population increase and to discontinue the disloyal, as they put it, generation. At the eve of the war, children were separated from their parents forcefully and they no longer had the power to hold on their rights of keeping their children. The government targeted the Jewish settlement areas and killed majority of the population while transporting others to the

Global Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Global Business - Essay Example Therefore, an American multinational corporation (MNC) finds itself in a situation whereby its research teams have to translate their strategies to match the Chinese language and culture. The businesses venturing into China have to define strategies for overcoming the communication barrier. For example, MNCs find difficulties in establishing relations with the Chinese since it is a Western culture to shake hands and engage on persuasive and lengthy speeches whereas their Chinese counterparts rarely shake hands in greetings, and they approve business deals by observing the identified merits. Moreover, expanding into China requires a business to learn the value of relationships with stakeholders. In Chinese culture, businesses establish strong relationships with stakeholders, an aspect that receives minimal significance in the west. According to the Chinese society, stakeholders pursue belongingness, and would resent those organizations that fail to honor their presence and involvement. Business relationships in the Chinese context are deeper than the rapport established between businesses and clients in the western context. Therefore, this can pose a challenge for new businesses that seek to expand into this region because they have to earn the art of establishing business relationships that can measure up to the level expected in Asia (Wong, 2008). This means gaining a better understanding of business partners away from the formal settings in informal settings such as dinner parties. This translates to the fact that the sealing of business deals takes longer in china b ecause a business must invest more time in creating proper acquaintance with partners. Organizations should adapt to the change in favor of the Chinese market and this would contribute to profitable returns (Jiang &Stening, 2006). Asians also honor different occasions and may use different colors to represent them. For instance, the Chinese use the red color to

Children and the holocaust Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Children and the holocaust - Research Paper Example The urge of the German leader, Adolf Hitler, to control the Semites and to trim their generation underpins the great commitment of his government to reduce the population of Jewish children. As children were perceived as the propagative generations, they were a priority target at a time when the Germans felt that Jews were traitors and did not deserve to exist in the country. From this perspective, the Holocaust was a period suffering for Children, which had both immediate effects and negative consequences long after the war. Prior to the Second World War, the German government had sent a number of signs that Jews would be the next victim of terror under the autocratic leadership of Hitler. The Germany government expressed high level of dissatisfaction with the Jews, who were perceived as traitors during the period of the war. While there was an expectation that the Jews would have fallen victim of Hitler power abuse, it was not anticipated that such a negative ordeal would befall children as it dawned as soon as the war began. Statistics indicate that over 1.5 million children were killed during the holocaust, of which 1.2 million were from the Jewish community (Sterling 212). The rest comprised of the Gypsy and German children who were perceived to have mental defects. The German government targeted children as one of the ways of punishing the Jews. Besides, the government had a motive to shun the popularity of Jews that was growing as a result of their population increase. Since children represented t he continuity of the Jewish generation, they were the main target to control population increase and to discontinue the disloyal, as they put it, generation. At the eve of the war, children were separated from their parents forcefully and they no longer had the power to hold on their rights of keeping their children. The government targeted the Jewish settlement areas and killed majority of the population while transporting others to the

Miss Essay Example for Free

Miss Essay Compare two psychological approaches to health and social care service provision. Kathryn Lamb Tuesday 14th May 2013 In this assignment, I am going to be comparing the humanistic perspective and the biological perspective in a health and social care service provision. The humanistic perspective is â€Å"an innate tendency we all possess as human beings to become the best that we can be in all aspects of personality and intellectual, social and emotional life. † Moonie, N (2010) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book 1, p. 348. Whereas the biological theory looks at the genes of people and also says that it is what determines who a person is and how they develop, so development is more drawn to nature (or genetics) rather than nurture (or the environment). In health and social care settings, the humanistic and the biological approaches contradict each other and can also affect a person’s health in different ways. For example, if someone is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, the humanistic approach says that for someone to develop, a person must follow through Maslow’s hierarchy of needs where they must achieve the basic necessities of life fists such as good housing, good quality food and health which are all included in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cystic fibrosis is an incurable disease, which means that once an individual has been diagnosed with the disease, they will have it for the rest of their life, which would make it impossible for them to develop and reach their full potential, although there are medications that can help the sufferer of the disease have a more decent health status, but it will be much harder for them to reach and achieve the self-actualisation stage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs because of the nature of the disease and the short life expectancy it causes. They may also be affected emotionally, as they will be going to several hospital visits which may make them feel depressed which will affect the second level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as they will not feel safe if they are aware of the genetic disease they have. The biological perspective also influences the sufferer of cystic fibrosis but in a different way. This is because the perspective feels that each person goes through a set stage of development in their life drew to genetics, for example include the steps of development that a fertilised egg goes through in the womb; the heart is the first organ to form, followed by the rudimentary nervous system and so on, or puberty for both girls and boys throughout adolescence. But, since cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, it can decrease or sometimes stop development in several ways for example, sufferers of cystic fibrosis have a short life expectancy of there thirties. The biological perspective also says that development in general is due to genetics â€Å"rather than being dependant upon the environment to mature. † Moonie, N (2010) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book 1, p. 351. This would mean that medication would not help the sufferer develop. Because of this, cystic fibrosis sufferers may start to become depressed and may need counselling or treatment from their doctor at the hospital to help them feel good about themselves and keep a good outlook, despite what is happening to them. Doctors and equipment in the hospital will be required from the hospital to help more for sufferers to keep concentrating on their health so they can develop to the best of their ability.

National Museums: Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage

National Museums: Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage Role of Bangladesh National Museum to Safeguard Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Review Bangladesh National Museum Abstract This paper aims to investigate the role of Bangladesh National Museum to safeguard intangible cultural heritage which is considered as the fundamental of tangible culture. Unfortunately, for the contentious impact of modernization, our intangible cultural heritages are under serious threat to its existence which is very alarming for us because if we fail to preserve our intangible cultural heritage, we will lose our entity as a distinctive nation in the map of the world. National Museum as a pioneer organization of the government play effective role to safeguard intangible cultural heritage in many ways. Introduction: The cultural heritage of Bangladesh is very rich and historically highly regarded by the world community as it has uniqueness and specialities which are very distinct in character. This heritage includes both tangible and intangible cultures. From the primitive age to the present day Bangladesh is an arable soil of intangible cultural heritage like song, rituals, tradition, dance, performing art, festive, games, cuisine, folktales and architecture.etc and these intangible heritages have significant influence on the way of life of the people which makes Bangladeshi people distinct from other nations. It should be mentioned that the tangible culture of Bangladesh is very uniquely unique like craft, different type of objects and all antiquities. Bangladesh National Museum has started its journey in 1913 as Dhaka Museum. Dhaka Museum was located at Nimtoli Baro Duari area of Dhaka with two rooms. Eventually, Dhaka Museum transformed upgraded as Bangladesh National Museum in 1983 and shifted to present building at Shahbag. Bangladesh National Museum has a collection of near 86 thousand antiquities. As a wing of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Namtional Museum is playing vaital role to preserve tangible and intangible heritage of the country and portraying rich, positive and bright image in front of the world community. On August 7, 2013 Bangladesh National Museum celebrated its 100 years of establishment. In its long journey, it has taken many milestone initiatives to safeguard intangible cultural heritages. 1.1 Methodology Both primary and secondary data have been used to prepare this paper. Primary data were collected from the interview and discussion of the Bangladesh National Museum staffs. And secondary data were collected from different books, journals and articles. What is Intangible Cultural Heritage? When sociologists talk about culture, they are more interested about the features of society which are learnt rather than inherited and these features help members of the society to co-operate and communicate with each other which facilitate them to create common platform to survive in a society. Culture consists of both intangible aspects and tangible aspects. Intangible aspects include belief, ideas, values and tangible aspect includes the objects, symbols and technologies which correspond to that aspect (Giddens, 2001). Culture comes from the Latin word ‘colere’ means ‘to cultivate’ to ‘to till the soil’. Smelse (1993) defined culture as ‘a set of values, views of reality, and codes of behavior, held in common people who share a distinctive way of life’. Schaefer (2006) identified culture as ‘ totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior’. Giddens (2001) has given a bro ader view about culture .He says that culture refers to the ways of life of the members of the society, or of groups within a society. Ways of life of the members of the society or group consist of tangible and intangible culture. Intangible culture can not be touched which is opposite to the tangible. Intangible culture includes song, music, drama, skills, and others. Basic Texts of the 2003 convention for the safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage defined Intangible Cultural Heritage in page page-5 as ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills-as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts, and cultural spaces associated therewith-that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly related by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.’ ‘†¦..the intangible Cultural Heritage, as defined above, is manifested inter alia the following domains: Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangiable cultural heritage; Performing arts; Social practices, rituals and festive events; Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; Traditional craftsmanship†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..’ Why should Intangible Culture be safeguarded? Basic Texts of the 2003 convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage defined ‘Safeguarding’ in page page-6 as ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..‘Safeguarding’ means measures aimed at ensuring the viability of the intangible cultural heritage, including the identification, documentation, research, preservation, protection, promotion, enhancement, transmission, particularly through formal and informal education, as well as the revitalization of the various aspect of such heritage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..’ It is indeed very important to safeguard intangible cultural heritage like tangible cultural heritage. In fact, intangible cultural heritage is treated as the foundation of tangible cultural heritage. If we do not take appropriate measure to safeguard intangible cultural heritage, it will be very difficult for us to preserve and cherish our culture. Westernization, Americanization, Indianization, Urbanization, industrialization and above all because of the impact of the globalization our norms, values and rituals are changing and many of our folkways, morse and folk culture are disappearing and some are losing distinctiveness. Because of the information technology and media, foreign culture is becoming a part of our culture and influencing our life in many ways. To exist as an ethnic group and as a nation it is really essential to safeguard our intangible which is considered as the manufacturing element of tangible culture. To safeguard intangible cultural heritage public awareness, collective endeavors of local community and government organization and appropriate laws are needed. Some specific steps should be taken;; Identification of intangible cultural heritage, preparation of inventory and introduction of awareness programme (UNESCO, 2012). Role of Bangladesh National Museum in Preserving Cultural Heritage 4.1 The Oral History of Bangladesh Bangladesh is a land of poets, novelists, intellectuals, politicians, artists and journalist who immensely contributed and, in fact, are contributing to the socio-cultural development of the country and without this contribution society cannot be progressive or as a nation we could not be able to identify as an enlightened nation. Henceforth, in 1985 Bangladesh national Museum has taken a landmark initiative to interview eminent personalities of different fields in audio format and US Ford Foundation was kind enough to finance the project considering the importance and need which eventually helped enrich the collection of Bangladesh National Museum and opened an opportunity for the new generation to know about their distinguished predecessors and their views and philosophy of life and the society as a whole. The project title was ‘The Oral History of Bangladesh’. Under this project, Bangladesh National Museum was able to interview 100 eminent personalities including Abu Jafar Shamsuddin, Justice Abdus Sattar, journalist Md. Nasir Uddin, Poet Sufia Kamal, writer Monsur Uddin, Mokhlesur Rahman (shidhu mia), Basonti Guha Thakurota, Doc. Ahashanul Haque, with two different views firstly, to preserve the biography of those persons and secondly, to bring out socio-cultural, political and economic condition of the country of that time through their interviews. It was expected that this audio archive would able to work as a store house of knowledge for many research and references in future. Understanding the reality and significance, Bangladesh National Museum has taken further initiative to publish a book converting the audios named ‘A Hand Book of Oral History’ in English which is stored in the library of the museum and accessible for the people in large(Bangladesh National Museum, 1992). Keeping that success in mind and realizing the importance, national museum authority has initiated second phase of the project from 2012 where another 100 persons are enlisted to be interviewed and it would be recorded in video format and a book will be published in due course. This project is running successfully and ten interviews are already recoded. Professor Shordar Fajlul Karim, Mostofa Nurul Islam, Professor Shalauddin and Nurjahan Begum remarkable are among them. 4.2 Cultural Heritage of Districts Another notable step in respect of safeguarding intangible cultural heritage taken by Bangladesh national Museum was the making of video documentary of few districts which have historical heritage and are famous for rich culture. The districts are Rajbari, Mymensingh, Panchagor, Dinajpur, Rajshahi, Thakurgaon, Naogaon, Cumilla, Chittagong, Kushtia, Bhola, Pirojpur, Coxes Bazar, Bandorbon, Netrokona, Tangail, Jinaidaha and Bhola. The initiative was made in the year 1993. Three different steps were taken to complete the package. Firstly, all the historical places were recorded in video format and narration was added later on, secondly, with the help of the District Commissioner office a fair was organized and recorded accordingly to demonstrate the festive mode of Bangladeshi culture and its inner artifacts and folk song, Ghetu gan, lati khela, palagan, putulnach, snake-charming were included in the fair as well, thirdly, interview of the local eminent persons were recorded as witness statements to bring our the history, culture and tradition more authentically. It should be mentioned here that many historical places were comprehensively covered under this project like pirojpur kumar para, sundorbon, Monpura in Bhola district (Floating area), kantojirmondir in Dinajpur, Kusumba mosque in Naogaon, laloner mazar in Kustia, moynamoti in Comilla, paharpur bihar in Rajshahi including local famous mosques and temples. 4.3 Gramophone Record of famous Singers Bangladesh National Museum as a catalyst to preserve national history and heritage owns 123 gramophone record of many famous singers of Bangladesh which is not only significant in the history of Bangladeshi music but also reference source for future research. The records include the song of Abbasuddin, Kanon Devi, Komoldas Gupto, Shochin Dev Bormon, Baul Song etc. 4.4 Documentary on Liberation War In the year 1996 December, seven days long Reminiscence Programme on Liberation War was organized by Bangladesh National Museum. Seven different groups of people shared their memories of Liberation War and it was recorded in video format and the groups were constituted with Civil Freedom Fighter, Politicians, Cultural Personalities, Journalists and Artists, Administrative Officer of the Mujib Nagar Government, representative of Military, Para- Military and Police, family members of the Intellectual Martyrs and members of the Shadin Bangla Beter Kandro. The video documentary is preserved in Bangladesh National Museum as one of the valued documents of Liberation War with versatile information. 4.5 Documentary on Shitol Pati and Rickshaw Painting Documentary on Shitol Pati and Rickshaw Painting was made in the year 1999. A team from Bangladesh National Museum went to Balagonj of Sylhet district which is famous for Shitol Pati and made a documentary on that. All the steps of Shitol pati fabrication was recorded, starting from cane collection to weaving. National Museum officials also went to Rayer Bazar of Dhaka which is a famous place for Rickshaw Painting to record the technique of Rickshaw Painting which is considered as colorful folk paint. 4.6 Celebration of Bangla New Year Bangladesh National Museum takes initiative to celebrate Bangla New Year every year and fair and cultural programme performed by folk artist are organized as part of the celebration. In New Year fair different stalls are positioned with Pittha, handicrafts, pottery, dolls, local home decor, local musical instruments and others. Performers and singers from all over the country are invited in the New Year cultural fair. Concerned department of Bangladesh National Museum gives profound efforts to bring the artists from different parts of the country targeting those types of artists who have unique ability to perform folk song which are under serious threat of the influence of so called modern song. Our indigenous songs like Baul, Lalon, Vatiary, Jari, Sari and Pala are performed by the artist which create the interest among the spectators and give them opportunity to reiterate their love to the indigenous song. This initiative of Bangladesh National Museum should be considered as a perf ect inventiveness to transmit and promote indigenous song in a turbulent cultural atmosphere. 4.7. Exhibition of Traditional folk craft: Every year Bangladesh National Museum arranges an exhibition on our traditional craft. Here they exhibit the process of craft, like jamdani weaving, Shitol pati weaving, pottery making , tribal cloth weaving, Shola crafts, metal crafts etc. Every year Bangladesh National Museum arranges this exhibition to encourage the folk artists and also speared out this knowledge our new generation. Conclusion From the above discussion it is clearly understood that a leading organization of Bangladesh Government, National Museum is taking numerous steps to safeguard intangible cultural heritage through research, identification, documentation, preservation, protection, promotion, enhancement, transmission, particularly through formal and informal approach, as well as the revitalization of the various aspect of such heritage. For some predicaments like insufficient budget, bureaucracy, training and other requirements Museum is unable to extend the limit of its operation in regards to safeguard intangible cultural heritage. If these problems are solved, and if, it can work to its desired level, in future, she could play a very effective role to safeguard intangible cultural heritage which she is doing with lots of pride in the case of tangible cultural heritage. References Bangladesh National Museum (19912) A Hand Book of Oral History. Dhaka: Director General, Bangladesh National Museum Ginnens, Anthony (1997) Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press Smelser, Neil J. (1993) Sociology. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Schaefer, Richard T. (2006) Sociology. New York: McGraw Hill UNESCO (2012) Basic Texts of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. France